Closer Look At Teens Essay Research Paper free essay sample

More intensive Look At Teens Essay, Research Paper A Closer Look At High Risk Youth It is of import non to go overboard to wander episodes. Youngsters will hold occupations and will larn, at their ain rate, to battle and spread with them. However, it is basic for guardians and helping adults to be aware of the elements that put a youngster at exceptional risk, especially when harrowing occasions start to move up for these defenseless people. A decent beginning stage for setting and step ining with very grieved and down youthful individuals is simply the cautious study damaging youngsters. Family ancestry and organic science can make an affectability for covering sick with accentuation. These components make an individual powerless to misery and self-destructive conduct. # 183 ; History of sorrow or potentially implosion in the family # 183 ; Alcoholism or medication use in the family unit # 183 ; Sexual or physical abuse frames in the family unit # 183 ; Chronic unwellness in oneself or family unit # 183 ; Family or single history of mental surprises, for example, eating upsets, schizophrenic issue, hyper burdensome miracle, conduct upsets, misconduct # 183 ; Death or genuine misfortune in the family unit # 183 ; Learning disablements or mental/physical disablements # 183 ; Absent or separated from guardians ; inconsistent holding in receptive family units # 183 ; Family battle ; hapless parent/youngster connections Character attributes, especially when they change significantly, can flag major issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on More intensive Look At Teens Essay Research Paper or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These qualities include: # 183 ; Impulsive practices, impulses and incredible fears # 183 ; Aggressive and withdrawn conduct # 183 ; Withdrawal and separation ; withdrawal # 183 ; Poor cultural achievements resulting in sentiments of mortification, hapless nobility, implication and feeling monstrous # 183 ; Over-accomplishing and most extreme power per unit zone to execute # 183 ; Problems with kiping or potentially eating Mental and cultural occasions add to the gradual addition of employments and stressors. # 183 ; Loss experience, for example, a perish or implosion of a companion or family unit part ; broken relationship, loss of a dear amicable relationship or a family move # 183 ; Unmet individual or parental standpoint, for example, inability to achieve an end, hapless classs, cultural dismissal # 183 ; Unresolved battle with family unit individuals, rises to, teachers, directors that outcomes in choler, rout, dismissal # 183 ; Humiliating experience following in loss of confidence or dismissal # 183 ; Unex pected occasions, for example, growth or financial occupations Sensitivities, stressors and practices weave together to sort out a composite picture of a youngster at high danger for melancholy and self-destructive conduct. Indications, for example, individual medication and intoxicant use, running off from place, drawn-out misery and sobbing, unordinary impulsivity or rashness or sensational changes in close to home wonts are interlaced with the family and individual history, the single character and the enthusiastic/get-togethers taking topographic point in an individual # 8217 ; s life. It is non ever simple for one individual to see the # 8220 ; entire picture. # 8221 ; That # 8217 ; s why it is basic that individuals who have # 8220 ; instincts # 8221 ; that something is off base start to lead the pack to accumulate positions from different companions, family unit individuals and experts who know the youthful person. It is all unnecessarily oftentimes evident that the subsisters of a youngster implosion simply # 8220 ; set up the pieces # 8221 ; afterward, when they pass on together and look to figure what occurred. How lucky a disturbed youthful individual is to hold a lovingness adult take the venture to look all the more carefully before something genuine occurs! The University of Minnesota Extension Service has two additional distributions that can be useful: # 183 ; Supporting Distressed Young Peoples ( FS-2786 ) , by Ron Pitzer # 183 ; Helping Friends in a difficult situation ( FS-2787 ) , by Joyce Walker A few basic subjects go through these two. To start with, juvenile individuals must larn and example get bying achievements to gain them through a quick battle or employment. Adapting plans must pressure self-duty to happen positive, non-damaging approaches to happen lightening. Second, conveying achievements are of import. This includes having the option to talk and picking a decent listener. It is of import to show sentiments, vent feelings, and talk about the occupations and issues. Companions are acceptable supporters, yet it as often as possible takes an adult situation to get down to be after how to do modifications to improve things. Third, youthful individuals need help to larn critical thinking achievements. Screening out the issues, puting closes and doing projects to travel frontward are achievements that can be educated and rehearsed. Eventually, most youthful individuals will create and assume the obligation for their ain assurance and tranquility of head. In any case, during the mature ages of obtaining and example, guardians, teachers and helping adults should be conscious of the imprints and structures that signal risk. Attention to immature accentuation and sorrow opens the entryway for adults to get down helpful interventions and invigorate enthusiastic turn of events.

Child Development Example

Youngster Development Example Youngster Development †Article Example Duncan GJ, Magnuson KA. Low pay (neediness) during pre-birth and early postnatal periods and its effect on psychosocial youngster advancement. In: Tremblay RE, Barr RG, Peters RDeV, eds. Montreal, Quebec: Center of Excellence for Early Childhood Development; 2002:1-6. Accessible at: kid encyclopedia.com/records/Duncan-MagnusonANGxp.pdf Accessed [December eighth 2010]. 1. The fundamental thought of the article is that kids on moms with low in general family earnings will in general presentation progressively conduct issues. This article looked to decide if postnatal family salary influences children’s mental results and if so what causes these impacts. The article/study decided there are significant causal linkages between low earnings and mental turn of events and gave a few ramifications to approach and services.2. What hypothetical point of view talked about in class is clear in the article? Sum up the hypothetical point of view and afterward relate this data to the article. The case this article concentrated on school matured kids and thusly any discoveries would not have the option to answer whether neediness had any impact on newborn children or little children. NeverthelessAs we learned in class the ages somewhere in the range of four and eleven will cover both the Purpose (Initiative versus Blame) and Competence (Industry versus Mediocrity components of Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development. This implies if youngsters just are sufficiently shocking to have this family condition will probably have better results as far as models/jobs just as their feeling of self worth.3. For what reason is this data essential to youngster improvement? This data is relevant to youngster improvement due to the suggestions that this article has on strategy just as administrations gave by the legislature. The discoveries reasoned that basically expanding the measure of cash that low pay families would have would not (without anyone else) improve a child ’s mental turn of events. Besides this examination verified that pay moves may improve a child’s subjective turn of events however there may not be any impact on social alteration and as such mental medications may end up being a superior other option.

Youre Not Alone

You’re Not Alone My Mondays are horrible. Im thinking about bringing a camera with me next Monday so you all can see what theyre like, but until then heres a teaser: 5:30 6:00 AM: Wake up 6:00 7:15 AM: Mandatory NROTC Workout 7:30 9:00 AM: Naval Science Class 9:00 10:00 AM: Electromagnetism II 10:00 11:00 AM: The last two thirds of cell biology lecture (I miss the first third because it conflicts with my 9 AM class) 11:00 12:00 AM: Integrated Chemical Engineering 12:00 1:00 PM: Lunch/Time to breathe 1:00 2:00 PM: Astronomy Lab Lecture 2:00 3:00 PM: Frantically read for my seminar in Japanese Politics and Society 3:00 5:00 PM: seminar in Japanese Politics and Society 5:00 7:00 PM: Dinner/Homework 7:00 PM 12:30 AM: Astronomy Lab Last Monday (actually it was Tuesday morning) I was on my way home after astronomy when my phone rang. It was Julianna, one of my ICE (Integrated Chemical Engineering) team members. It was 12:30 AM, but she knew I was awake. Hey Boone, I went to office hours for ICE tonight. Cool, howd it go? I just found out we did our entire economic analysis wrong. Can you come over and help? Yeah, I can come over. We worked for a couple of hours, and I found myself lying on the floor of the lounge debating the finer points of reaction scheduling in a batch process with our other team member, Joe. Im not sure why I was on the floor, or how I got there, but I guess I was on the floor because that thing I was staring at was the ceiling. Then it hit me. I realized that this would make a good blog post. This was what MIT was all about. Wait, Derrick you cant mean MIT is about being ridiculously overworked and not getting enough sleep. Well, thats certainly part of it, Ill admit. But thats not what I was getting at. I may have been overworked and tired, but I wasnt alone. There were people with me, just as tired and overworked, who wouldnt let me down. I wouldnt let them down either. Thats what MIT is about: putting together a group of like-minded people who can overcome any challenge, no matter how difficult. We worked together and finished around 3:00, at which point I went home and got some well-deserved rest. The moral of the story: you cant do MIT alone. Thats important, so let me repeat it. You cant do MIT alone. Youll need friends to teach you and support you, to make you laugh and to keep you from crying. So just remember, when youre exhausted and you still havent started your pset thats due in 8 hours, youre not alone. Weve all been there, or are there right now, or will be there soon. Help is all around you.

The State of Todays Health Care System Essay - 1252 Words

The State of Todays Health Care System Today’s health care system is in a constant state of fluctuation and commotion. It is sometimes difficult for the health care consumer to identify a valuable resource when they need one. The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the many health care resources that are available in the greater Philadelphia area and then visit this site to learn more about it. Philadelphia, in itself is an outstanding resource to the people of the area. In terms of healthcare resource implications this is true. There are numerous teaching hospitals, museums, clinics, and educational centers in this region. I choose to learn more about Planned Parenthood, a well-known organization in this area as well as†¦show more content†¦Her goal was to both educate and provide for these women the reproductive services that were necessary for what she called reproductive freedom. Benefits of Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood provides numerous programs and services to the people of Southeaste rn Pennsylvania. I spoke with a woman named Megan (no last name was provided). She informed me of these services and programs, and helped me to gain a better understanding of what PP really is and does. Health Services. Planned Parenthood provides their services to women as well as men- it is a resource to be utilized by all. It is a common misconception that PP is for women only. They offer reproductive health care for men, women, and teens. They supply every FDA approved method of reversible birth control. These include natural family planning methods, Norplant, Depo-Provera, Birth control Pill, IUD (intrauterine device), condoms, Diaphragm, and cervical caps. Something that they offer is emergency contraception or the â€Å"morning after pill.† It decreases the likelihood of becoming pregnant even after the conception, because it decreases the healthy nature of the uterine wall. It is only effective within seventy-two hours following conception. They also offer walk-in pre gnancy testing, options counseling andShow MoreRelatedIntegrated Healthcare Delivery Systems ( Idss )863 Words   |  4 PagesS healthcare system has been characterized as complex, fragmented and costly, and one that thus results in an inefficient allocation of resources. Due to this, the concept of integrated healthcare delivery systems (IDSs) has gained much interest over the past few decades. Throughout healthcare policy, these systems have been considered the better solution to addressing issues surrounding not only the cost of care to the system, but the quality of care that is provided from the system. Much in alignmentRead MoreEssay about Demand for Highly-Qualified Nurses is on the Rise734 Words   |  3 Pageseducation have shifted to new dimensions such as community health, public health, primary care, geriatrics, disease prevention, health promotion and other areas rather than being limited to a particular area. And this is mainly to prepare nurse to deal with evolving health care system. Demand for nurses produced high amount of entry-level nurses, the study emphasizes highly educated nurses are preferred to handle todays today’s health care challenges. By 2020 the nursing work force should consistRead MoreOutline Of A Health Care Administration1328 Words   |  6 PagesOutlining My Profession Health care administration is a very important and crucial role in today’s healthcare system. With an ever-changing national health care system, the role of a Health care Administrator or Healthcare Executive more than ever is needed. 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Healthcare System975 Words   |  4 Pages Impacts of the 18th 19th Centuries on today’s U.S. Healthcare System Mena Abdou St. Joseph’s University Impacts of the 18th 19th centuries on today’s U.S. Healthcare System It has been said that one cannot know where he or she is going until he or she knows where they has come from. This saying is especially true when discussing the current model of the United States healthcare system. The present day model of the United States healthcare system is the culmination of two hundred years ofRead MoreMy Theory Of Nursing Theory1222 Words   |  5 Pagesstill widely used today. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory incorporates the patients surrounding environment in their nursing care. In this theory, the patient s environment can have beneficial or detrimental effects on his or her health and it is the role of the nurse to use the patient s environment to help them improve. Environmental factors affecting our health are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food and appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light or direct sunlightRead More Canadas Declining Health Care System and the Brain Drain Essays884 Words   |  4 PagesCanadas Declining Health Care System and the Brain Drain Canadas government-funded health care system in under attack. Despite the mandate of the Canada health act, which was meant to assure universality, comprehensiveness, equitable access, public administration and portability of our health care system, (Braithwaite 17), Canadians today make the issue of health care their most important political concern. One of the biggest crises the Canadian health care system faces is for strangeRead MoreAre You Ready?1020 Words   |  5 Pagesresult of the Affordable Health Care Act of 2010 becoming a reality, there is a growing need for nursing practice to advance. 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The Formation of the Union of South Africa

The politicking behind the scenes for the formation of the Union of South Africa allowed the foundations of apartheid to be laid. On May 31,  1910, the Union of South Africa was formed under British dominion. It was exactly eight years after the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging, which had brought the Second Anglo-Boer War to an end.   Color Bans Allowed in New Union of South Africa Constitution Each of the four unified states was allowed to keep its existing franchise qualifications, and Cape Colony was the only one which permitted voting by (property owning) non-whites. While is it argued that Britain hoped that the non-racial franchise contained in the ​Constitution courtesy of the Cape would eventually be extended to the whole of the Union, it is hardly likely that this was truly believed possible. A delegation of white and black liberals traveled to London, under the leadership of the former Cape prime minister William Schreiner, to protest against the color bar enshrined in the new constitution.​ British Want Unified Country Above Other Considerations The British government was far more interested in creating a unified country within its Empire; one which could support and defend itself. A union, rather than a federalized country, was more agreeable to the Afrikaner electorate since it would give the country a greater freedom from Britain. Louis Botha and Jan Christiaan Smuts, both highly influential within the Afrikaner community, were closely involved in the development of the new constitution. It was necessary to have Afrikaner and English working together, especially following the slightly acrimonious end to the war, and the satisfactory compromise had taken the last eight years to reach. Written into the new constitution, however, was a requirement that a two-thirds majority of Parliament would be necessary to make any changes. Protection of Territories from Apartheid The British High Commission Territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland were excluded from the Union precisely because the British government was worried about the status of the indigenous populations under the new constitution. It was hoped that, at some time in the (near) future, the political situation would be right for their incorporation. In fact, the only country which may have been considered for inclusion was Southern Rhodesia, but the Union had become so strong that white Rhodesians quickly rejected the concept. Why Is 1910 Recognized as the Birth of the Union of South Africa? Although not truly independent, most historians, especially those in South Africa, consider May 31, 1910, to be the most appropriate date to be commemorated. South Africas independence within the Commonwealth of Nations was not officially recognized by Britain until the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and it was not until 1961 that South Africa became a truly independent republic. Source: Africa since 1935, Vol VIII of the UNESCO General History of Africa, published by James Currey, 1999, editor Ali Mazrui, p108.

The Effects of Obesity in Adults Free Essays

In today’s society overeating can create a vast amount of changes, that may affect lifestyles of daily living. According to CDC, more than one-third of U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Obesity in Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now adults were obese in 2011-2012. The effects of obesity can lead a person down a road, which can be hard to manage in life. A BMI of 30 is about 30 lb overweight and equivalent to 221 lb in a 6’0†³ person and to 186 lb in one 5’6†³ (American Journal). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts (NIH). People with a body mass index of 30 or more are considered obese, and those with a B.M.I. of 40 or more are severely obese (NYTimes). Obese individuals have a high risk for chronic health conditions and complications. To name a few: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, knee / joint problems, psychological issues, diabetes, and death. Obesity is a measure by body mass index, which is determined by height and weight. If a person gains between 10-20 pounds they are at a high risks of hypertension (OAC). As you gain weight, so does stress throughout the body which causes hypertension. The more food and drink a person consumes in turn will increase their sodium level. Due to the increase of sodium and fat into the diet the endocrine system is forced to compensate and can result in an increase in blood pressure. Hypertension is a chronic condition caused by an increase in blood pressure and is a common complication for obese patients.Abdominal distention is a common complication due to layers of fat that have accumulated on top of muscle. The abdominal wall compressing against the diaphragm causes discomfort for an obese patient and also limits sleeping positions. Sleep apnea is another common complication of obese patients due to the softening of the tissue in the mouth and throat causing the airway to be obstructed. Many of these patients must be placed on a bipap machine while they sleep to help regulate their breathing. Obesity is also associated with knee and joint issues. Increase weigh strains the body, as a person tries to walk with additional weight. Ideal body weight is classified as 50 kilograms for 5 ft. Anything past 5ft is multiplied by 2.3 + 50 to get ideal body weight. For example; a 6’0 ft person ideal body weight would be 50 + 2.3 x 12 equals 77.6 kilograms. Any weight above the average weight is considered obese. Over time the tissues and connective tendons become damaged from the strain of the weight that is bearing down on the knee. Being only 10 pounds overweight increases the force on the knee by 30-60 pounds with each step (John Hopkins). Being overweight increases, the load placed on the joints such as the knee, which increases stress and could possibly hasten the breakdown of cartilage (John Hopkins). Clearly increase weight does have significant impact on walking, causing fatigue, and joint / knee issues.Psychological consequences of being overweight or obese can include lowered self-esteem and anxiety, and more serious disorders such as depression and eating disorders such as binge eating, bulimia and anorexia (MentalHelp). Obese people are made fun of and looked down upon. Obese people have less energy, due to taking more momentum to get their body going. More weight means more force needed to get moving. Hollywood paints an image that everyone around is thin. When it comes to obese people there’s a tendency for depression, trying to compare with society. While being depressed obese people have a tendency to want to eat more and lay around doing nothing. Within that mind state leads to eating more and gaining additional weight. Over time, even ordinary tasks of daily life like going up a flight of stairs can lead to exhaustion and a sense of premature aging (Mentalhelp). Diabetes is another consequence associated with being obese. Obese people have a tendency, to eat more sweets, and carbohydrates that turn into glucose. People who are overweight or have obesity have added pressure on their body’s ability to use insulin to properly control blood sugar levels, and are therefore more likely to develop diabetes (Obesity Society). Obese people are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which often occurs in children or adolescents, is caused by the body’s inability to make insulin or type 2 diabetes, which occurs as a result of the body’s inability to react properly to insulin (insulin resistance). Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than type 1 diabetes and is therefore seen in roughly 90% of all diabetes cases (Obesity Society). Compared with normal-weight adults, obese adults had at least 20% significantly higher rate of dying with cardiovascular disease (NIH). Plaque builds up due to more fats in diet, which leads to coronary artery disease. As the buildup continues throughout duration of life, so does blockage in the coronary arteries. A block in the coronary arteries with cause decrease cardiac output. With the decrease in blood flow, cardiac tissue death starts to form. Blockage in the heart creates myocardial infarction. Prolong tissue necrosis will lead to cardia death, resulting in death itself. For CVD, death was advanced by 10.3 and 12.8 years in adults aged 45 to 64 years categorized as grades II and III obese (Luisa N. Borrell). Obesity can cause a lot of issues that can be detrimental to activities of daily living. Just as a little of increase weight, the body starts to break itself down. While, normal healthy adult weight is less than BMI of 26, and obesity is anything above BMI 30. A little increase in weight can be life altering. The activities daily living related with obesity decreases in an adult’s life. Several different diseases are involved with obesity, most can be cured with just a minor decrease in weight. How to cite The Effects of Obesity in Adults, Papers

Darwins influence on psychoanalysis free essay sample

Charles Darwin’s substantially influential writing examines a vast rang of topics that were brought to the attention of many leading scholars throughout history. Darwin preceded Sigmund Freud and the invention of psychoanalysis by approximately 50 years. Through the exploration of Darwinian theory and the later development of psychoanalysis, it is clear that Charles Darwin’s theories had a profound influence of the development of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. This becomes clear after analyzing such themes as sexual motivation through evolution, the Freudian ego, the connection between human and animal emotion, adaptive responses and the unconscious mind. Sexual Evolution and Motivation Darwin and Freud both evaluated the connection between biological traits and inheritance as expressed through social constructs, such as sexual impulses and desire. This theory manifests itself by examining human biology, neurology, evolution and applying it to expressed behavioural traits. A fundamental and intrinsic element of human behaviour stems from evolutionary adaptations in which basic desires are adapted through the recognition of success from earlier generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Darwins influence on psychoanalysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through this evolution, both Darwin and Freud placed an enormous emphasis on an individual’s desire for survival, the ultimate goal being self-preservation. Darwin and Freud’s theories converge at the point of primal and instinctive behaviour. Darwin’s most relevant discovery was natural selection. He approached his work as purely biological by viewing humans as primates. He explains â€Å"their forms of behaviour and social organization as natural manifestations of their elementary biological dispositions for survival and reproduction†(Carroll, 52). This meant that the motivation for sexual reproduction was unconscious and biologically wired into human for their survival. The human with the most efficient and best adapted traits were more likely to survive. Choosing a mate is based upon the Darwinian psychological theory that â€Å"views attractiveness in terms of reproductive fitness†(Cartwright, 56). Humans choose mates that appear physically fit and fertile, resulting in a child Who is also physically fit. Freud’s theories parallel Darwin’s but were taken a step further. The primary sexual motivation through desiring survival traits and reproduction was the foundation for Freud’s belief in two basic impulses of man, pleasure and self- preservation. Psychoanalysis does not focus on the same behaviour over and over again, â€Å"but about the recognition of constantly changing and shifting individual†(Westerink, 87) where a psychoanalyst would examine repressed behaviour from â€Å"symptoms back to their origin†(Westerink, 88). Freud also placed an emphasis on viewing humans as having primal sexual urges similar to that of primates but incorporated humans as pleasure seekers. He endeavoured to understand how the combination of pleasure seeking, individual needs could coexist with reproduction in the name of evolution. The conclusion was that â€Å"evolution does not take place without periods of decline, reaction or restoration†(Westerink, 101), therein lies the need for evolution. But most notably, humans must rely on reality to reign in and control the need for pleasure and understand the true motivation of sexual desire, reproduction. To Freud, the desire for pleasure and immediate satisfaction factors into sexual motivation but also â€Å"the individual does carry on a two fold existence; one to serve his own purposes and the other as a link in the chain†(Sharpe Faulkner, 39), a chain to have enduring genetics. This Freudian theory coincides with Darwin’s belief in altruism. By recognizing the success of your species as individual success, the group will have a greater chance of survival and continue to reproduce. This begs the question if Darwin’s altruistic theories were truly unselfish but actually â€Å"particular people achieve their own pleasure and satisfaction†(Radcliffe, 175). Freud combined the influence of Darwin’s natural selection, with his own theory regarding the pleasure principle. Darwin’s evolutionary theories factored greatly into the development of sexual motivation from a biological standpoint allowing Freud creates a picture of sexual evolution from a more evolved psyche in the early 20th century. The Connection Between Human and Animal Emotion Freud and Darwin both assessed the human capacity for emotion, where this form of communication originated and the value of its expression. In doing so, they both equated the origin of emotional expression as being very similar to the primal need for communication through adaptive responses. In Darwin’s book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, he discusses the human mind and how it related to the animal mind through evolution. His writings again are biological in nature and deal with emotion as a tool for survival. In his writing, Darwin notes, emotion â€Å"is of importance to our welfare. They serve as the first means of communication between the mother and her infant†(Darwin, 364) Darwin’s writings reveal an in depth study of the expression of emotion ranging from the actual physiological acts involved in emotion to the special expression of man. His research confirms, â€Å"man is derived from some lower animal form†(Darwin, 365). The emotions studied are wide ranging such as suffering, fear, anxiety, love, guilt and anger. For example, Darwin observes the act of weeping as an infant. This leads him to believe that when an infant weeps, he or she is expecting a result, whether that be food, attention or the relief from a state of suffering. The infant will â€Å"cry out loudly, like the young of other animals, partly as a call to their parents for aid and partly from any great exertion†(Darwin, 174). Darwin’s observations of emotion, particularly that of a child resembles very closely to Freud’s id. The id represents the most basic inherited instincts that are most obvious during childhood and expressed through emotion. â€Å"The infant, possessing no ability to delay release, demands immediate gratification†(Cordon, 223). The newborn would then be â€Å"a creature entirely governed by the id†¦demanding food, drink, eliminating bodily waste and affection†(Cordon, 223). Once the child’s needs are met, they are content. This theory contributes to the desire for pleasure and the distaste for anything uncomfortable or as Freud described it, the pleasure principle. Darwin is related this behaviour and expression for emotion as a survival tactic in order to have the infants needs met through communication. Morality and the Ego Darwin and Freud’s theories both weighed heavily on the similarity between man and animal. There is a primal urge exhibited through emotion, sexual motivation and the search for pleasure as seen in Freud’s id and Darwin’s observations of adolescents. But what did these men say about censoring that primal behaviour to live in harmony with others? It appears that Darwin had an influence over Freud’s explanation of morality as well. There was a demand for balance during evolutionary stages in which â€Å"Darwin†¦[recognized] a fundamental fact of evolution, accept a basic moral intuition†(Zamulinski, 5). This morality is seen as an adaptation to provide group harmony and avoid isolation or seclusion and ultimately death. Darwin speaks at length regarding a biological kinship, which relates to the previously discussed notion of altruism. There is a community of organisms living together and working towards the goal of survival and preservation. For this to occur there must be harmony within the group. Darwin describes this harmony as having an individual sense of morality. Treating the members of your own group well is known as Group Selection and â€Å"group selection does provide a setting in which helping behaviour directed at members of one’s own group can evolve†(Zamulinski, 11). Freud adapted this sense of morality into something he referred to as the Ego. The Ego is what interacts with the conscious part of the mind and it works along side the id to delay the impulse for immediate gratification. The Freudian theory of the ego gives the mind the ability to interact consciously with the world and because of this it connects humans with reality. The primitive id â€Å"must conform to the limitations agreed on by the society in which the child is growing up†(Cordon, 225). This is the role of the Ego, acting as somewhat of a â€Å"referee or mediator constantly negotiating the conflicts that inevitably arise†(Cordon, 224) when the id and the ego interact with one another. The mind will then connect with what is socially acceptable and adheres to the moral guidelines of society. Both Freud and Darwin felt that in order to have individual evolutionary success, one must belong to a group and in order for this group to have evolutionary success there must be behavioural guidelines. Having boundaries for acceptable behaviour, moral obligations and censorship within the mind proved relevant to both Freud and Darwin regarding self-preservation. Adaptive Responses In order for survival of the fittest to occur, humans must be able to maintain mental stability. This stability is seen as emotional adaptive responses that appear in both Darwinian theories and psychoanalysis. According to â€Å"Darwinian psychology, mental health can be seen as the proper functioning of an adaptive emotional system†(Cartwright, 75). When human emotion adapts to the environment, there is a greater chance for survival and a heightened mental stability. In evolutionary terms for example â€Å"anxiety response and manifestations of over anxiousness can be seen in terms of an adaptive response to signals from the environment†(Cartwright, 94) or heightened sense of awareness. This sense of awareness can be used as a tool for defence and protection. Freud also concerned himself with the state of mental health and the minds ability to create defence mechanisms for the purpose of protection. For example, lets look at the earlier discussed ego in which it contains â€Å"a specialized set of tools intended to minimize the anxiety resulting from internal conflict†(Cordon, 227). These defence mechanisms occur automatically and unconsciously, very similarly to the instinctive nature of Darwin’s evolutionary theories where â€Å"emotions regulate our behaviour to ensure our genes survive†(Cartwright, 74). Freud believed that not dealing with inner conflict in is the cause of mental illness and maladjustment. Therefore the quality of life and possibly the quantity of life have a greater chance of decreasing over time. Defence mechanisms serve as a purpose to protect from inner conflict and mental instability. In order to achieve this mental harmony, Freud introduces the psychological theories of repression and sublimation. Repression is the process of banishing feelings of anxiety or trauma from the conscious mind. This particular defence relates closely to the theme of unconsciousness that Darwin discusses. Freud’s theory of sublimation also echoes Darwin. Sublimation is another one of the mind’s defence mechanisms to which applying this mechanisms means the â€Å"unacceptable impulse finds a useful, socially acceptable means of expression†(Cordon, 83). For Darwin this meant using anxiety and a heightened sense of emotional arousal for an advantage in the wilderness. From a more civilized perspective Freud explains this over emotional state of mind and applies it to an emotional outlet. For example, he gives the example of artistic expression. Both psychologists understand the need for adapting these emotions to the environment. Freud took Darwin’s defence mechanism theories regarding animalistic pack mentally and applied it to psychoanalysis by observing the behavioural traits of individuals in a group setting. He noticed â€Å"an individual can behave very differently as part of a group than one would normally expect†(Westerink, 176). The introduction of an individual to a group setting, as Freud observed, allows the unconscious mind to exist in a much more instinctive way. For Freud, the group will survive when there is a leader but he determined this as a psychological illusion. From a psychological standpoint, pack mentality develops from a group of individuals seeking guidance and protection as adaptive strategies. It does not necessarily mean there is a true leader with inherent abilities to achieve those results but instead a group wanting the same goal and that goal is survival. The unconscious Psychoanalysis stemmed from Freud’s â€Å"insights into the ways in which the meaning of individual’s words and actions exceeded their conscious self-perceptions (Sharpe Faulkner, 5). Freud believed heavily that the unconscious mind largely influenced behaviour. He primarily examined how humans could develop behavioural and personality traits that were outside of their conscious awareness. Through observations, which became known as psychoanalysis, Freud explained this unconscious behaviour originated from innate drives. These innate drives coincide with instinct. For Darwin this unconscious state of mind manifested itself in innate instincts. This behaviour trait overlapped between humans and animals. Darwin’s observations led him to believe that for the most part animals were unconscious of their actions and thrived primarily on basic necessities such as food and shelter. There is an obvious connection regarding the importance of the unconscious mind to both Darwinian theories and psychoanalysis. Ultimately Freud and Darwin share in the belief in primitive behaviour that is somewhat regulated by our social circles and societal values. Darwinian Theory Influenced Psychoanalysis Darwin’s writings are valuable for understanding his own concepts regarding evolution and its contribution to human behaviour but also for the development of new psychological avenues and areas for further research. Freud was able to advance and build upon Darwin’s discoveries due to social and scientific advancements of the 20th century. Therefore Darwin’s influence proves to be exceptionally relevant to Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis and ongoing within the modern psychological field.