Closer Look At Teens Essay Research Paper free essay sample

More intensive Look At Teens Essay, Research Paper A Closer Look At High Risk Youth It is of import non to go overboard to wander episodes. Youngsters will hold occupations and will larn, at their ain rate, to battle and spread with them. However, it is basic for guardians and helping adults to be aware of the elements that put a youngster at exceptional risk, especially when harrowing occasions start to move up for these defenseless people. A decent beginning stage for setting and step ining with very grieved and down youthful individuals is simply the cautious study damaging youngsters. Family ancestry and organic science can make an affectability for covering sick with accentuation. These components make an individual powerless to misery and self-destructive conduct. # 183 ; History of sorrow or potentially implosion in the family # 183 ; Alcoholism or medication use in the family unit # 183 ; Sexual or physical abuse frames in the family unit # 183 ; Chronic unwellness in oneself or family unit # 183 ; Family or single history of mental surprises, for example, eating upsets, schizophrenic issue, hyper burdensome miracle, conduct upsets, misconduct # 183 ; Death or genuine misfortune in the family unit # 183 ; Learning disablements or mental/physical disablements # 183 ; Absent or separated from guardians ; inconsistent holding in receptive family units # 183 ; Family battle ; hapless parent/youngster connections Character attributes, especially when they change significantly, can flag major issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on More intensive Look At Teens Essay Research Paper or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These qualities include: # 183 ; Impulsive practices, impulses and incredible fears # 183 ; Aggressive and withdrawn conduct # 183 ; Withdrawal and separation ; withdrawal # 183 ; Poor cultural achievements resulting in sentiments of mortification, hapless nobility, implication and feeling monstrous # 183 ; Over-accomplishing and most extreme power per unit zone to execute # 183 ; Problems with kiping or potentially eating Mental and cultural occasions add to the gradual addition of employments and stressors. # 183 ; Loss experience, for example, a perish or implosion of a companion or family unit part ; broken relationship, loss of a dear amicable relationship or a family move # 183 ; Unmet individual or parental standpoint, for example, inability to achieve an end, hapless classs, cultural dismissal # 183 ; Unresolved battle with family unit individuals, rises to, teachers, directors that outcomes in choler, rout, dismissal # 183 ; Humiliating experience following in loss of confidence or dismissal # 183 ; Unex pected occasions, for example, growth or financial occupations Sensitivities, stressors and practices weave together to sort out a composite picture of a youngster at high danger for melancholy and self-destructive conduct. Indications, for example, individual medication and intoxicant use, running off from place, drawn-out misery and sobbing, unordinary impulsivity or rashness or sensational changes in close to home wonts are interlaced with the family and individual history, the single character and the enthusiastic/get-togethers taking topographic point in an individual # 8217 ; s life. It is non ever simple for one individual to see the # 8220 ; entire picture. # 8221 ; That # 8217 ; s why it is basic that individuals who have # 8220 ; instincts # 8221 ; that something is off base start to lead the pack to accumulate positions from different companions, family unit individuals and experts who know the youthful person. It is all unnecessarily oftentimes evident that the subsisters of a youngster implosion simply # 8220 ; set up the pieces # 8221 ; afterward, when they pass on together and look to figure what occurred. How lucky a disturbed youthful individual is to hold a lovingness adult take the venture to look all the more carefully before something genuine occurs! The University of Minnesota Extension Service has two additional distributions that can be useful: # 183 ; Supporting Distressed Young Peoples ( FS-2786 ) , by Ron Pitzer # 183 ; Helping Friends in a difficult situation ( FS-2787 ) , by Joyce Walker A few basic subjects go through these two. To start with, juvenile individuals must larn and example get bying achievements to gain them through a quick battle or employment. Adapting plans must pressure self-duty to happen positive, non-damaging approaches to happen lightening. Second, conveying achievements are of import. This includes having the option to talk and picking a decent listener. It is of import to show sentiments, vent feelings, and talk about the occupations and issues. Companions are acceptable supporters, yet it as often as possible takes an adult situation to get down to be after how to do modifications to improve things. Third, youthful individuals need help to larn critical thinking achievements. Screening out the issues, puting closes and doing projects to travel frontward are achievements that can be educated and rehearsed. Eventually, most youthful individuals will create and assume the obligation for their ain assurance and tranquility of head. In any case, during the mature ages of obtaining and example, guardians, teachers and helping adults should be conscious of the imprints and structures that signal risk. Attention to immature accentuation and sorrow opens the entryway for adults to get down helpful interventions and invigorate enthusiastic turn of events.

Child Development Example

Youngster Development Example Youngster Development †Article Example Duncan GJ, Magnuson KA. Low pay (neediness) during pre-birth and early postnatal periods and its effect on psychosocial youngster advancement. In: Tremblay RE, Barr RG, Peters RDeV, eds. Montreal, Quebec: Center of Excellence for Early Childhood Development; 2002:1-6. Accessible at: kid encyclopedia.com/records/Duncan-MagnusonANGxp.pdf Accessed [December eighth 2010]. 1. The fundamental thought of the article is that kids on moms with low in general family earnings will in general presentation progressively conduct issues. This article looked to decide if postnatal family salary influences children’s mental results and if so what causes these impacts. The article/study decided there are significant causal linkages between low earnings and mental turn of events and gave a few ramifications to approach and services.2. What hypothetical point of view talked about in class is clear in the article? Sum up the hypothetical point of view and afterward relate this data to the article. The case this article concentrated on school matured kids and thusly any discoveries would not have the option to answer whether neediness had any impact on newborn children or little children. NeverthelessAs we learned in class the ages somewhere in the range of four and eleven will cover both the Purpose (Initiative versus Blame) and Competence (Industry versus Mediocrity components of Erikson’s Stages of Psychological Development. This implies if youngsters just are sufficiently shocking to have this family condition will probably have better results as far as models/jobs just as their feeling of self worth.3. For what reason is this data essential to youngster improvement? This data is relevant to youngster improvement due to the suggestions that this article has on strategy just as administrations gave by the legislature. The discoveries reasoned that basically expanding the measure of cash that low pay families would have would not (without anyone else) improve a child ’s mental turn of events. Besides this examination verified that pay moves may improve a child’s subjective turn of events however there may not be any impact on social alteration and as such mental medications may end up being a superior other option.

Youre Not Alone

You’re Not Alone My Mondays are horrible. Im thinking about bringing a camera with me next Monday so you all can see what theyre like, but until then heres a teaser: 5:30 6:00 AM: Wake up 6:00 7:15 AM: Mandatory NROTC Workout 7:30 9:00 AM: Naval Science Class 9:00 10:00 AM: Electromagnetism II 10:00 11:00 AM: The last two thirds of cell biology lecture (I miss the first third because it conflicts with my 9 AM class) 11:00 12:00 AM: Integrated Chemical Engineering 12:00 1:00 PM: Lunch/Time to breathe 1:00 2:00 PM: Astronomy Lab Lecture 2:00 3:00 PM: Frantically read for my seminar in Japanese Politics and Society 3:00 5:00 PM: seminar in Japanese Politics and Society 5:00 7:00 PM: Dinner/Homework 7:00 PM 12:30 AM: Astronomy Lab Last Monday (actually it was Tuesday morning) I was on my way home after astronomy when my phone rang. It was Julianna, one of my ICE (Integrated Chemical Engineering) team members. It was 12:30 AM, but she knew I was awake. Hey Boone, I went to office hours for ICE tonight. Cool, howd it go? I just found out we did our entire economic analysis wrong. Can you come over and help? Yeah, I can come over. We worked for a couple of hours, and I found myself lying on the floor of the lounge debating the finer points of reaction scheduling in a batch process with our other team member, Joe. Im not sure why I was on the floor, or how I got there, but I guess I was on the floor because that thing I was staring at was the ceiling. Then it hit me. I realized that this would make a good blog post. This was what MIT was all about. Wait, Derrick you cant mean MIT is about being ridiculously overworked and not getting enough sleep. Well, thats certainly part of it, Ill admit. But thats not what I was getting at. I may have been overworked and tired, but I wasnt alone. There were people with me, just as tired and overworked, who wouldnt let me down. I wouldnt let them down either. Thats what MIT is about: putting together a group of like-minded people who can overcome any challenge, no matter how difficult. We worked together and finished around 3:00, at which point I went home and got some well-deserved rest. The moral of the story: you cant do MIT alone. Thats important, so let me repeat it. You cant do MIT alone. Youll need friends to teach you and support you, to make you laugh and to keep you from crying. So just remember, when youre exhausted and you still havent started your pset thats due in 8 hours, youre not alone. Weve all been there, or are there right now, or will be there soon. Help is all around you.

The State of Todays Health Care System Essay - 1252 Words

The State of Todays Health Care System Today’s health care system is in a constant state of fluctuation and commotion. It is sometimes difficult for the health care consumer to identify a valuable resource when they need one. The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the many health care resources that are available in the greater Philadelphia area and then visit this site to learn more about it. Philadelphia, in itself is an outstanding resource to the people of the area. In terms of healthcare resource implications this is true. There are numerous teaching hospitals, museums, clinics, and educational centers in this region. I choose to learn more about Planned Parenthood, a well-known organization in this area as well as†¦show more content†¦Her goal was to both educate and provide for these women the reproductive services that were necessary for what she called reproductive freedom. Benefits of Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood provides numerous programs and services to the people of Southeaste rn Pennsylvania. I spoke with a woman named Megan (no last name was provided). She informed me of these services and programs, and helped me to gain a better understanding of what PP really is and does. Health Services. Planned Parenthood provides their services to women as well as men- it is a resource to be utilized by all. It is a common misconception that PP is for women only. They offer reproductive health care for men, women, and teens. They supply every FDA approved method of reversible birth control. These include natural family planning methods, Norplant, Depo-Provera, Birth control Pill, IUD (intrauterine device), condoms, Diaphragm, and cervical caps. Something that they offer is emergency contraception or the â€Å"morning after pill.† It decreases the likelihood of becoming pregnant even after the conception, because it decreases the healthy nature of the uterine wall. It is only effective within seventy-two hours following conception. They also offer walk-in pre gnancy testing, options counseling andShow MoreRelatedIntegrated Healthcare Delivery Systems ( Idss )863 Words   |  4 PagesS healthcare system has been characterized as complex, fragmented and costly, and one that thus results in an inefficient allocation of resources. Due to this, the concept of integrated healthcare delivery systems (IDSs) has gained much interest over the past few decades. Throughout healthcare policy, these systems have been considered the better solution to addressing issues surrounding not only the cost of care to the system, but the quality of care that is provided from the system. Much in alignmentRead MoreEssay about Demand for Highly-Qualified Nurses is on the Rise734 Words   |  3 Pageseducation have shifted to new dimensions such as community health, public health, primary care, geriatrics, disease prevention, health promotion and other areas rather than being limited to a particular area. And this is mainly to prepare nurse to deal with evolving health care system. Demand for nurses produced high amount of entry-level nurses, the study emphasizes highly educated nurses are preferred to handle todays today’s health care challenges. By 2020 the nursing work force should consistRead MoreOutline Of A Health Care Administration1328 Words   |  6 PagesOutlining My Profession Health care administration is a very important and crucial role in today’s healthcare system. With an ever-changing national health care system, the role of a Health care Administrator or Healthcare Executive more than ever is needed. 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Healthcare System975 Words   |  4 Pages Impacts of the 18th 19th Centuries on today’s U.S. Healthcare System Mena Abdou St. Joseph’s University Impacts of the 18th 19th centuries on today’s U.S. Healthcare System It has been said that one cannot know where he or she is going until he or she knows where they has come from. This saying is especially true when discussing the current model of the United States healthcare system. The present day model of the United States healthcare system is the culmination of two hundred years ofRead MoreMy Theory Of Nursing Theory1222 Words   |  5 Pagesstill widely used today. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory incorporates the patients surrounding environment in their nursing care. In this theory, the patient s environment can have beneficial or detrimental effects on his or her health and it is the role of the nurse to use the patient s environment to help them improve. Environmental factors affecting our health are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food and appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light or direct sunlightRead More Canadas Declining Health Care System and the Brain Drain Essays884 Words   |  4 PagesCanadas Declining Health Care System and the Brain Drain Canadas government-funded health care system in under attack. Despite the mandate of the Canada health act, which was meant to assure universality, comprehensiveness, equitable access, public administration and portability of our health care system, (Braithwaite 17), Canadians today make the issue of health care their most important political concern. One of the biggest crises the Canadian health care system faces is for strangeRead MoreAre You Ready?1020 Words   |  5 Pagesresult of the Affordable Health Care Act of 2010 becoming a reality, there is a growing need for nursing practice to advance. 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The Formation of the Union of South Africa

The politicking behind the scenes for the formation of the Union of South Africa allowed the foundations of apartheid to be laid. On May 31,  1910, the Union of South Africa was formed under British dominion. It was exactly eight years after the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging, which had brought the Second Anglo-Boer War to an end.   Color Bans Allowed in New Union of South Africa Constitution Each of the four unified states was allowed to keep its existing franchise qualifications, and Cape Colony was the only one which permitted voting by (property owning) non-whites. While is it argued that Britain hoped that the non-racial franchise contained in the ​Constitution courtesy of the Cape would eventually be extended to the whole of the Union, it is hardly likely that this was truly believed possible. A delegation of white and black liberals traveled to London, under the leadership of the former Cape prime minister William Schreiner, to protest against the color bar enshrined in the new constitution.​ British Want Unified Country Above Other Considerations The British government was far more interested in creating a unified country within its Empire; one which could support and defend itself. A union, rather than a federalized country, was more agreeable to the Afrikaner electorate since it would give the country a greater freedom from Britain. Louis Botha and Jan Christiaan Smuts, both highly influential within the Afrikaner community, were closely involved in the development of the new constitution. It was necessary to have Afrikaner and English working together, especially following the slightly acrimonious end to the war, and the satisfactory compromise had taken the last eight years to reach. Written into the new constitution, however, was a requirement that a two-thirds majority of Parliament would be necessary to make any changes. Protection of Territories from Apartheid The British High Commission Territories of Basutoland (now Lesotho), Bechuanaland (now Botswana), and Swaziland were excluded from the Union precisely because the British government was worried about the status of the indigenous populations under the new constitution. It was hoped that, at some time in the (near) future, the political situation would be right for their incorporation. In fact, the only country which may have been considered for inclusion was Southern Rhodesia, but the Union had become so strong that white Rhodesians quickly rejected the concept. Why Is 1910 Recognized as the Birth of the Union of South Africa? Although not truly independent, most historians, especially those in South Africa, consider May 31, 1910, to be the most appropriate date to be commemorated. South Africas independence within the Commonwealth of Nations was not officially recognized by Britain until the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and it was not until 1961 that South Africa became a truly independent republic. Source: Africa since 1935, Vol VIII of the UNESCO General History of Africa, published by James Currey, 1999, editor Ali Mazrui, p108.

The Effects of Obesity in Adults Free Essays

In today’s society overeating can create a vast amount of changes, that may affect lifestyles of daily living. According to CDC, more than one-third of U.S. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Obesity in Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now adults were obese in 2011-2012. The effects of obesity can lead a person down a road, which can be hard to manage in life. A BMI of 30 is about 30 lb overweight and equivalent to 221 lb in a 6’0†³ person and to 186 lb in one 5’6†³ (American Journal). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts (NIH). People with a body mass index of 30 or more are considered obese, and those with a B.M.I. of 40 or more are severely obese (NYTimes). Obese individuals have a high risk for chronic health conditions and complications. To name a few: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, knee / joint problems, psychological issues, diabetes, and death. Obesity is a measure by body mass index, which is determined by height and weight. If a person gains between 10-20 pounds they are at a high risks of hypertension (OAC). As you gain weight, so does stress throughout the body which causes hypertension. The more food and drink a person consumes in turn will increase their sodium level. Due to the increase of sodium and fat into the diet the endocrine system is forced to compensate and can result in an increase in blood pressure. Hypertension is a chronic condition caused by an increase in blood pressure and is a common complication for obese patients.Abdominal distention is a common complication due to layers of fat that have accumulated on top of muscle. The abdominal wall compressing against the diaphragm causes discomfort for an obese patient and also limits sleeping positions. Sleep apnea is another common complication of obese patients due to the softening of the tissue in the mouth and throat causing the airway to be obstructed. Many of these patients must be placed on a bipap machine while they sleep to help regulate their breathing. Obesity is also associated with knee and joint issues. Increase weigh strains the body, as a person tries to walk with additional weight. Ideal body weight is classified as 50 kilograms for 5 ft. Anything past 5ft is multiplied by 2.3 + 50 to get ideal body weight. For example; a 6’0 ft person ideal body weight would be 50 + 2.3 x 12 equals 77.6 kilograms. Any weight above the average weight is considered obese. Over time the tissues and connective tendons become damaged from the strain of the weight that is bearing down on the knee. Being only 10 pounds overweight increases the force on the knee by 30-60 pounds with each step (John Hopkins). Being overweight increases, the load placed on the joints such as the knee, which increases stress and could possibly hasten the breakdown of cartilage (John Hopkins). Clearly increase weight does have significant impact on walking, causing fatigue, and joint / knee issues.Psychological consequences of being overweight or obese can include lowered self-esteem and anxiety, and more serious disorders such as depression and eating disorders such as binge eating, bulimia and anorexia (MentalHelp). Obese people are made fun of and looked down upon. Obese people have less energy, due to taking more momentum to get their body going. More weight means more force needed to get moving. Hollywood paints an image that everyone around is thin. When it comes to obese people there’s a tendency for depression, trying to compare with society. While being depressed obese people have a tendency to want to eat more and lay around doing nothing. Within that mind state leads to eating more and gaining additional weight. Over time, even ordinary tasks of daily life like going up a flight of stairs can lead to exhaustion and a sense of premature aging (Mentalhelp). Diabetes is another consequence associated with being obese. Obese people have a tendency, to eat more sweets, and carbohydrates that turn into glucose. People who are overweight or have obesity have added pressure on their body’s ability to use insulin to properly control blood sugar levels, and are therefore more likely to develop diabetes (Obesity Society). Obese people are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which often occurs in children or adolescents, is caused by the body’s inability to make insulin or type 2 diabetes, which occurs as a result of the body’s inability to react properly to insulin (insulin resistance). Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than type 1 diabetes and is therefore seen in roughly 90% of all diabetes cases (Obesity Society). Compared with normal-weight adults, obese adults had at least 20% significantly higher rate of dying with cardiovascular disease (NIH). Plaque builds up due to more fats in diet, which leads to coronary artery disease. As the buildup continues throughout duration of life, so does blockage in the coronary arteries. A block in the coronary arteries with cause decrease cardiac output. With the decrease in blood flow, cardiac tissue death starts to form. Blockage in the heart creates myocardial infarction. Prolong tissue necrosis will lead to cardia death, resulting in death itself. For CVD, death was advanced by 10.3 and 12.8 years in adults aged 45 to 64 years categorized as grades II and III obese (Luisa N. Borrell). Obesity can cause a lot of issues that can be detrimental to activities of daily living. Just as a little of increase weight, the body starts to break itself down. While, normal healthy adult weight is less than BMI of 26, and obesity is anything above BMI 30. A little increase in weight can be life altering. The activities daily living related with obesity decreases in an adult’s life. Several different diseases are involved with obesity, most can be cured with just a minor decrease in weight. How to cite The Effects of Obesity in Adults, Papers

Darwins influence on psychoanalysis free essay sample

Charles Darwin’s substantially influential writing examines a vast rang of topics that were brought to the attention of many leading scholars throughout history. Darwin preceded Sigmund Freud and the invention of psychoanalysis by approximately 50 years. Through the exploration of Darwinian theory and the later development of psychoanalysis, it is clear that Charles Darwin’s theories had a profound influence of the development of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. This becomes clear after analyzing such themes as sexual motivation through evolution, the Freudian ego, the connection between human and animal emotion, adaptive responses and the unconscious mind. Sexual Evolution and Motivation Darwin and Freud both evaluated the connection between biological traits and inheritance as expressed through social constructs, such as sexual impulses and desire. This theory manifests itself by examining human biology, neurology, evolution and applying it to expressed behavioural traits. A fundamental and intrinsic element of human behaviour stems from evolutionary adaptations in which basic desires are adapted through the recognition of success from earlier generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Darwins influence on psychoanalysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through this evolution, both Darwin and Freud placed an enormous emphasis on an individual’s desire for survival, the ultimate goal being self-preservation. Darwin and Freud’s theories converge at the point of primal and instinctive behaviour. Darwin’s most relevant discovery was natural selection. He approached his work as purely biological by viewing humans as primates. He explains â€Å"their forms of behaviour and social organization as natural manifestations of their elementary biological dispositions for survival and reproduction†(Carroll, 52). This meant that the motivation for sexual reproduction was unconscious and biologically wired into human for their survival. The human with the most efficient and best adapted traits were more likely to survive. Choosing a mate is based upon the Darwinian psychological theory that â€Å"views attractiveness in terms of reproductive fitness†(Cartwright, 56). Humans choose mates that appear physically fit and fertile, resulting in a child Who is also physically fit. Freud’s theories parallel Darwin’s but were taken a step further. The primary sexual motivation through desiring survival traits and reproduction was the foundation for Freud’s belief in two basic impulses of man, pleasure and self- preservation. Psychoanalysis does not focus on the same behaviour over and over again, â€Å"but about the recognition of constantly changing and shifting individual†(Westerink, 87) where a psychoanalyst would examine repressed behaviour from â€Å"symptoms back to their origin†(Westerink, 88). Freud also placed an emphasis on viewing humans as having primal sexual urges similar to that of primates but incorporated humans as pleasure seekers. He endeavoured to understand how the combination of pleasure seeking, individual needs could coexist with reproduction in the name of evolution. The conclusion was that â€Å"evolution does not take place without periods of decline, reaction or restoration†(Westerink, 101), therein lies the need for evolution. But most notably, humans must rely on reality to reign in and control the need for pleasure and understand the true motivation of sexual desire, reproduction. To Freud, the desire for pleasure and immediate satisfaction factors into sexual motivation but also â€Å"the individual does carry on a two fold existence; one to serve his own purposes and the other as a link in the chain†(Sharpe Faulkner, 39), a chain to have enduring genetics. This Freudian theory coincides with Darwin’s belief in altruism. By recognizing the success of your species as individual success, the group will have a greater chance of survival and continue to reproduce. This begs the question if Darwin’s altruistic theories were truly unselfish but actually â€Å"particular people achieve their own pleasure and satisfaction†(Radcliffe, 175). Freud combined the influence of Darwin’s natural selection, with his own theory regarding the pleasure principle. Darwin’s evolutionary theories factored greatly into the development of sexual motivation from a biological standpoint allowing Freud creates a picture of sexual evolution from a more evolved psyche in the early 20th century. The Connection Between Human and Animal Emotion Freud and Darwin both assessed the human capacity for emotion, where this form of communication originated and the value of its expression. In doing so, they both equated the origin of emotional expression as being very similar to the primal need for communication through adaptive responses. In Darwin’s book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, he discusses the human mind and how it related to the animal mind through evolution. His writings again are biological in nature and deal with emotion as a tool for survival. In his writing, Darwin notes, emotion â€Å"is of importance to our welfare. They serve as the first means of communication between the mother and her infant†(Darwin, 364) Darwin’s writings reveal an in depth study of the expression of emotion ranging from the actual physiological acts involved in emotion to the special expression of man. His research confirms, â€Å"man is derived from some lower animal form†(Darwin, 365). The emotions studied are wide ranging such as suffering, fear, anxiety, love, guilt and anger. For example, Darwin observes the act of weeping as an infant. This leads him to believe that when an infant weeps, he or she is expecting a result, whether that be food, attention or the relief from a state of suffering. The infant will â€Å"cry out loudly, like the young of other animals, partly as a call to their parents for aid and partly from any great exertion†(Darwin, 174). Darwin’s observations of emotion, particularly that of a child resembles very closely to Freud’s id. The id represents the most basic inherited instincts that are most obvious during childhood and expressed through emotion. â€Å"The infant, possessing no ability to delay release, demands immediate gratification†(Cordon, 223). The newborn would then be â€Å"a creature entirely governed by the id†¦demanding food, drink, eliminating bodily waste and affection†(Cordon, 223). Once the child’s needs are met, they are content. This theory contributes to the desire for pleasure and the distaste for anything uncomfortable or as Freud described it, the pleasure principle. Darwin is related this behaviour and expression for emotion as a survival tactic in order to have the infants needs met through communication. Morality and the Ego Darwin and Freud’s theories both weighed heavily on the similarity between man and animal. There is a primal urge exhibited through emotion, sexual motivation and the search for pleasure as seen in Freud’s id and Darwin’s observations of adolescents. But what did these men say about censoring that primal behaviour to live in harmony with others? It appears that Darwin had an influence over Freud’s explanation of morality as well. There was a demand for balance during evolutionary stages in which â€Å"Darwin†¦[recognized] a fundamental fact of evolution, accept a basic moral intuition†(Zamulinski, 5). This morality is seen as an adaptation to provide group harmony and avoid isolation or seclusion and ultimately death. Darwin speaks at length regarding a biological kinship, which relates to the previously discussed notion of altruism. There is a community of organisms living together and working towards the goal of survival and preservation. For this to occur there must be harmony within the group. Darwin describes this harmony as having an individual sense of morality. Treating the members of your own group well is known as Group Selection and â€Å"group selection does provide a setting in which helping behaviour directed at members of one’s own group can evolve†(Zamulinski, 11). Freud adapted this sense of morality into something he referred to as the Ego. The Ego is what interacts with the conscious part of the mind and it works along side the id to delay the impulse for immediate gratification. The Freudian theory of the ego gives the mind the ability to interact consciously with the world and because of this it connects humans with reality. The primitive id â€Å"must conform to the limitations agreed on by the society in which the child is growing up†(Cordon, 225). This is the role of the Ego, acting as somewhat of a â€Å"referee or mediator constantly negotiating the conflicts that inevitably arise†(Cordon, 224) when the id and the ego interact with one another. The mind will then connect with what is socially acceptable and adheres to the moral guidelines of society. Both Freud and Darwin felt that in order to have individual evolutionary success, one must belong to a group and in order for this group to have evolutionary success there must be behavioural guidelines. Having boundaries for acceptable behaviour, moral obligations and censorship within the mind proved relevant to both Freud and Darwin regarding self-preservation. Adaptive Responses In order for survival of the fittest to occur, humans must be able to maintain mental stability. This stability is seen as emotional adaptive responses that appear in both Darwinian theories and psychoanalysis. According to â€Å"Darwinian psychology, mental health can be seen as the proper functioning of an adaptive emotional system†(Cartwright, 75). When human emotion adapts to the environment, there is a greater chance for survival and a heightened mental stability. In evolutionary terms for example â€Å"anxiety response and manifestations of over anxiousness can be seen in terms of an adaptive response to signals from the environment†(Cartwright, 94) or heightened sense of awareness. This sense of awareness can be used as a tool for defence and protection. Freud also concerned himself with the state of mental health and the minds ability to create defence mechanisms for the purpose of protection. For example, lets look at the earlier discussed ego in which it contains â€Å"a specialized set of tools intended to minimize the anxiety resulting from internal conflict†(Cordon, 227). These defence mechanisms occur automatically and unconsciously, very similarly to the instinctive nature of Darwin’s evolutionary theories where â€Å"emotions regulate our behaviour to ensure our genes survive†(Cartwright, 74). Freud believed that not dealing with inner conflict in is the cause of mental illness and maladjustment. Therefore the quality of life and possibly the quantity of life have a greater chance of decreasing over time. Defence mechanisms serve as a purpose to protect from inner conflict and mental instability. In order to achieve this mental harmony, Freud introduces the psychological theories of repression and sublimation. Repression is the process of banishing feelings of anxiety or trauma from the conscious mind. This particular defence relates closely to the theme of unconsciousness that Darwin discusses. Freud’s theory of sublimation also echoes Darwin. Sublimation is another one of the mind’s defence mechanisms to which applying this mechanisms means the â€Å"unacceptable impulse finds a useful, socially acceptable means of expression†(Cordon, 83). For Darwin this meant using anxiety and a heightened sense of emotional arousal for an advantage in the wilderness. From a more civilized perspective Freud explains this over emotional state of mind and applies it to an emotional outlet. For example, he gives the example of artistic expression. Both psychologists understand the need for adapting these emotions to the environment. Freud took Darwin’s defence mechanism theories regarding animalistic pack mentally and applied it to psychoanalysis by observing the behavioural traits of individuals in a group setting. He noticed â€Å"an individual can behave very differently as part of a group than one would normally expect†(Westerink, 176). The introduction of an individual to a group setting, as Freud observed, allows the unconscious mind to exist in a much more instinctive way. For Freud, the group will survive when there is a leader but he determined this as a psychological illusion. From a psychological standpoint, pack mentality develops from a group of individuals seeking guidance and protection as adaptive strategies. It does not necessarily mean there is a true leader with inherent abilities to achieve those results but instead a group wanting the same goal and that goal is survival. The unconscious Psychoanalysis stemmed from Freud’s â€Å"insights into the ways in which the meaning of individual’s words and actions exceeded their conscious self-perceptions (Sharpe Faulkner, 5). Freud believed heavily that the unconscious mind largely influenced behaviour. He primarily examined how humans could develop behavioural and personality traits that were outside of their conscious awareness. Through observations, which became known as psychoanalysis, Freud explained this unconscious behaviour originated from innate drives. These innate drives coincide with instinct. For Darwin this unconscious state of mind manifested itself in innate instincts. This behaviour trait overlapped between humans and animals. Darwin’s observations led him to believe that for the most part animals were unconscious of their actions and thrived primarily on basic necessities such as food and shelter. There is an obvious connection regarding the importance of the unconscious mind to both Darwinian theories and psychoanalysis. Ultimately Freud and Darwin share in the belief in primitive behaviour that is somewhat regulated by our social circles and societal values. Darwinian Theory Influenced Psychoanalysis Darwin’s writings are valuable for understanding his own concepts regarding evolution and its contribution to human behaviour but also for the development of new psychological avenues and areas for further research. Freud was able to advance and build upon Darwin’s discoveries due to social and scientific advancements of the 20th century. Therefore Darwin’s influence proves to be exceptionally relevant to Freud’s theories of psychoanalysis and ongoing within the modern psychological field.

Social Trends, Social Responsibility and Ethics

Introduction Following the currently competitive global business environment, business corporations are faced with new challenges of maintaining their corporate image sustainably. It has been revealed that, successful businesses have their business philosophies strongly founded on favorable social values with their clients. Since many of the contemporary businesses are founded on social settings, it is an obligatory duty for them to adhere to social ethics in order to acquire public reputation which would enhance their prosperity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Trends, Social Responsibility and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Althouse (73), prospective businesses should pursue productive practices in their businesses which enhance their sustainability in the future. As it has been argued, businesses find it difficulty to maintain high profits as they remain socially responsible in the society. This paper presents the ultimate business practices which enhance more success among businesses in the currently competitive business environment. As noted by Baker (1), the issue of corporate social responsibility has for long been misinterpreted as just a money wastage practice without returns. Today, the perception of corporate responsibility has taken new forms where organizations invest to maintain a long-lasting relationship with the society. According to Althouse (75), successful businesses find it inevitable to conform to the societal ethics and expectations. This would involve their active participation in societal development projects and practicing ethical dealings with their clients. For instance, fair pricing and provision of quality products is one of the most potential ethical practices among businesses capable of enhancing sustained business-customer relationship. By so doing, businesses would find more beneficial in the long-run, despite undergoing hardshi ps at initial stages. According to Baker (2), business people should be focused and determined to achieve their goals by being committed to establish cordial business-customer relationships. Despite the challenges which businesses may face, it is quite important that they persevere and get attached to their commitments. As revealed by Althouse (76), one of the most significant winning practices among businesses is commitment in addressing societal problems. Businesses should remain hooked to their goals and determinations regardless of the hardships they face as they gear their efforts in pursuit of success for their businesses. As it has been noted, maintaining good business-client relationship is quite challenging requires a lot of commitment. On this basis, it is the social responsibility of the businesses in the contemporary society to be committed in serving their clients satisfactorily. As noted by Althouse (74), successful business people have high degree of self discipline i n their commitment to satisfy their customers. More precisely, businesses should maintain cordial relationships with their clients by being highly disciplined in playing their roles effectively.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to ensure good business- customer relationships, both the customers and business people have to understand the specific roles entrusted to them, and work towards sustaining the mutual relationship established between the two parties. Baker (1) postulated that, business ethics is important in all aspects of a business starting from sales, customer service, and finance as well as product development. On this basis, business ethics is a vital approach in doing business, whereby it’s potential of ensuring success and sustainability of a business, as it is part of corporate social responsibility, where it judges the perception of the busines s in the eyes of the surrounding community. Based on this phenomenon, a business with a good public image will definitely enjoy overwhelming performance due to public support and trust. The public has the potential of enhancing or ruining the image of the business, thus determining its competitiveness. As stated by Baker (1), by gaining public trust the community acts as ambassadors of the business thus engaging in practices that promote the business. This will ultimately be reflected through increased business performance. In the case of customers, maintaining integrity in business practices enhances business relationships. Customers are proud of businesses that practice integrity in all their undertaking. By so doing the branding efforts are facilitated hence leading to protection of the business goodwill that has significant impact on the success of the business. In the side of employees, business ethics is of magnificent value (Althouse 78). The concept of business ethics is cur rently receiving significant attention in the corporate world. Baker (2) reports on how the cost of unethical business behavior is high and is continuing to rise, making businesses continue undergoing huge losses. This is attributed to increased human literacy, competition in business sector as well as increased government regulation. The late two to three decades have been associated with numerous scandals and unethical business practices. Governments and the press have been interested in the issue hence leading to consumer enlightenment. This has in turn led to adverse impacts on the businesses that had engaged in unethical practices. Customers had to shift to reputable companies. Suppliers, investors and other interested parties to business have also declined their relationships with unrepeatable business. On this basis, it is only reputable businesses that had to sail through the market (Althouse 83). The aspects of globalization and liberalizations of markets have also led to i ncreased competition in the business world. This has in turn led to the need for ethical consideration in business practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Trends, Social Responsibility and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research by Althouse (84) has shown that, business that engage in ethical practices have been able to win public trust and loyalty. This is reflected through increased sales and profitability thus enhancing the profitability and sustainability of a business in the market. The concept of trust has found its relevance in the contemporary business dealings. Businesses should act in a way that it wins the public confidence and conviction by being trustful to their clients. The element of trust has been identified to be very powerful in building a business image as well as enhancing the business performance. This is based on the fact that business partners, investors, customers and all interested party of a business are willing to work with a trust worthy business Baker (1). Meeting obligation is also a vital principle in the contemporary business ethics. This principle entails the responsibility and accountability of a business in performing its tasks. As indicated by Baker (2), a business should do everything in its power so as to gain the confidence and trust of the clients and customers. The business should be steadfast in honoring commitments with business partners, employees as well as the customers. For the case of business contracts, a business should willingly adhere to its commitment so as to be able to win the confidence of the other stakeholders. Keeping an open mind has also been found to be a very influential element of business conduct, whereby it potential of ruining or building business reputation. As depicted by Althouse (89) the business management should exercise good leadership that is appealing to all stakeholders. For instance, the case of decision and policy making should be done in appealing manner. The business should be free to ask feedback and opinions from team members and customers. By so doing, all groups will feel to be part of the business hence boosting its reputation and trust. More so, businesses should have Clear documentary through transparency and accountability in business operations. With reference to Baker (2), the concept of integrity is also of great importance in the business operations, whereby all undertakings should be just and appealing to all. Further, businesses should pursue corporate responsibility by actively involving the community in its operations. For a business to be regarded as practicing business ethics, it should have the surrounding community at heart. The business is liable of staying involved with community activities and issues. The business practices should ensure protection and promotion of the interest of the community.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regardless of the business potentiality and power, it should treat others with great respect (Althouse 84). Importantly, businesses and their clients should treat each other with high degree of respect. The virtue of courtesy and respect should be the guiding principle between a business an all parties it is relating with. By so doing, the business will be able to gain trust and respect from the public thus enhancing its performance (Baker 1). A point worth of consideration is that, issues of pollution of the environment among other unethical practices were conducted without negative feedback form the general public. Based on these insights, the increased pressure and attention from media, non-governmental organizations, and rapid global information sharing, there has been overwhelming demand for businesses to conduct ethical and sustainable business practices. On the other hand, businesses have also realized the need to conduct ethical practices in their endeavors of attracting and retaining customers, employees thus leading to the realization of corporate social responsibility. This research paper will profoundly explore the concept of corporate social responsibility in the business sector. As evidenced in Baker (2), corporate social responsibility policy is a business development measure meant to establish built-in self adaptable mechanism that facilitate the businesses to check and ensure efficient conformity with the spirit of law, international standards and ethical customs. With the increased competition in the business sector in recent days, there has been every need for each business to comply with the expectations of its customers as well as that of the wider population. On this basis, the main aim of corporate social responsibility is to augment responsibility and accountability by the businesses for their actions and encourage positive and admirable impacts to their environs. With this in mind, corporate businesses have developed remarkable realiza tion regarding the welfare of the consumers, environment, and the entire community at large. With the advancement of corporate social responsibility, businesses are actively promoting the public interests through being actively involved in various community development projects. In addition, businesses have also come to realization of the need to voluntarily eliminate practices that would harm the public sphere Baker (1). Philanthropy has also been a stupendous approach to corporate social responsibility among many corporations. This entails monetary donations and aid to the communities. In relation to this concept, large organizations, both international and local, usually give monetary donations and aid to local organizations and impecunious communities in pitiable countries. Despite the benefits accrued from this approach to the communities, Althouse (89) reveals how it has gained a lot of criticism from different groups and scholars. This is basically based on the fact that it o nly breast feeds the community and fails to give the appropriate skills and knowledge to the people to assist in improving their situation. With continued adoption of philanthropy, communities will become dependent on aid and thus worsen the situation rather than help in solving their situation. Nevertheless, Philanthropy has been of great significance to the corporations in that it has helped in building its image among the public thus being able to meet its objectives. According to Althouse (93), the concept of creating shared value is also an important and efficient approach to corporate social responsibility. This approach is based on the fact that, business triumph and societal welfare are mutually dependent. With this in mind, businesses have been liable to developing sustainable and admirable strategies thus are able to incorporate the community into the business interests. With an aim of creating shared value, businesses get involved in rigorous development of skilled labor force, sustainable resources, and healthy relationships with the society at large (Baker 2). Based on the ideas of Althouse (94), corporate social responsibility is an act of ethics and morality. In this regard, businesses voluntarily and deliberate undertake corporate social responsibility initiatives as an act of ethics. This is in conjunction with the national and international norms and morals whereby the companies take different charity initiatives with the primary aim of improving the welfare of the communities. Many multinational corporations operating in poor nations have deliberately involved in charity actions thus being able to improve the welfare of the communities. Volunteering has also been an outstanding concept in the corporate world in recent days whereby businesses voluntarily prioritize the interest of the wider population. It has been noted that, many businesses set a significant fraction of their revenues to assist the less fortunate in their surrounding. As ind icated by Baker (2), corporate social responsibility is of great importance in the business and social arena. Research carried upon various groups regarding the concept of corporate social responsibility, has shown a positive attitude and perception of people towards the issue. This is so because; it has led to order and compliance of ethics in the business sector. With adherence to the concept of corporate social responsibility, businesses have significantly changed their behaviors and engaged in more admirable practices. For instance the issue of pollution to the environment has been efficiently countered. On the other hand, misleading advertisements have also been abandoned thus leading to order in the advertisement sector. Conclusion In the currently competitive business context, corporate social responsibility has been of great significance. In this case, businesses which practice corporate social responsibility initiatives have been able to position themselves adequately upon the consumers. This situation has significantly enhanced the businesses performance since consumer loyalty and trust is enhanced. Research carried on different businesses has shown that businesses which adopt efficient CSR initiatives have good performance in comparison with those which ignore social responsibilities of businesses. Based on this concept, it is worth noting that corporate social responsibility is beneficial for the sustainability of the business. The competitive advantage of businesses has also been enhanced with the practice of corporate social responsibility. Businesses have been able to out-compete their opponents by involving themselves into admirable practices. Works Cited Althouse, Richard. et al. The Future of Business, Second Canadian Edition. St Louis: Nelson Education Ltd, 2008. Baker, Mallen. 2011 – This is the Scale of the Challenge. Business Respect, Jan 12, 2011. Web. This essay on Social Trends, Social Responsibility and Ethics was written and submitted by user Lauren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Branding essay part 2

Branding essay part 2 Branding essay part 2 Branding essay part 2Branding essay part  1Challenges and opportunitiesAt the moment, Natural Kitchen faces the problem of several design challenges. First of all, the company has to focus on the improvement of the consumer trust which is essential for the creation of a reliable and reputable brand. If customers do not trust with the brand, the company cannot gain any considerable success in the market and improve its competitive position (Brown, 2003). As the company can expand its business nationwide as well as internationally, it can use its brand to expand but still keep core identity. The core identity is essential for the maintenance of the brand that means that the company should not change its brand along with the expansion of its business. The creation of a stable, recognizable and popular brand should become priorities of the company. Finally, at the moment, the company faces the problem of the co-operation with other organisations (environmental, fair-trade, lifestyle, c harities, etc.). Such cooperation can influence kids and shoppers to think about environmental and sustainable issues. The interaction with public organisations, wider involvement of the company into community activities and other forms of the cooperation of Natural Kitchen with other organisations contributes to the improvement of the public image of its brand and the overall formation of the positive attitude of the public to the company’s brand.The process for selecting a suitable branding agencyThe selection of a suitable branding agency is very responsible and important process. In this regard, Natural Kitchen should elaborate key criteria for the selection of the branding agency (Peters, 2007). At this point, the selection of the branding agency should match the marketing goals of the company and its marketing strategy. Taking into consideration the opportunity of the development of the company’s operations nationwide and internationally, Natural Kitchen should s elect the agency that operates in the UK and takes one of the leading positions in the UK branding industry (Mohrman, 2009). At the same time, the company should not refer to the branding agency which has a large staff and multiple customers because, in such a case, the company may face the problem of the standard approach used by the branding company to the creation of Natural Kitchen brand. Instead, Natural Kitchen needs the branding agency that uses the personalized approach to each customer and is capable to meet specific needs of the company and understand its uniqueness. Therefore, a relatively small agency may be the right choice for Natural Kitchen. In this regard, Rareform is the right choice of the branding agency for Natural Kitchen because this is one of the most successful branding agencies in the UK, although its annual revenue does not exceed $1 million that means that the company does not involve a large number of serious projects that may distract the best human res ources of the branding agency. Instead, Natural Kitchen may count on the involvement of the best professionals of the successful branding agency for the creation of the new brand of the company or the improvement of the existing one.Chosen branding agency and the approach to the briefThe chosen agency, Rareform, is the successful branding agency which main approach is based on the personalized, customer-centred approach to each customer (Gitlow, 2009). In such a way, Natural Kitchen can gain considerable benefits from the cooperation with Rareform because the agency will take into consideration specificities of the company and meet its branding needs and goals (Bamberg, 2000). Rarefrom can provide Natural Kitchen with an opportunity to create the unique brand that mirrors the vision and mission of the company and helps Natural Kitchen to implement successfully its marketing strategy oriented on the national and international market expansion.Plan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rollout of the n ew brand, phases and plan and budgetThe new brand of Natural Kitchen is the brand oriented on the delivery of healthy food products to its customers. The primary concern of the brand is the customer health. This is why the company is supplying organic food products that are healthy and safe for human health as well as natural environment. The first stage of the development of the new brand is the identification of the brand philosophy, which is the philosophy based on the healthy food for mass customers (Viardot, 2001). The next stage is the identification of the target customer group, which is customers in the UK and this customer group may expand steadily internationally. The next step is the elaboration of the methods of the brand promotion. In this regard, the company should identify tools and methods that may be applied successfully. In case of Natural Kitchen, the company should focus on the development of close company-community ties that means that the company can promote it s brand within local communities throughout the UK. For instance, the company can sponsor health programs informing the public of the importance of the healthy food for their health. The company can sponsor meetings of health care professionals with local community members. In such a way, the company will create the image of the socially responsible company that takes care of customers’ health and offers products that may be useful for their health. The budget of the project (See App.) will need to raise funds for the implementation of the plan of the new branding policy of the company but the project will start brining return on investment during first years of the implementation of the project.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ROI and testingThe company can start receive return on investments during the second and third years of the implementation of the new branding policy. The first year will be the most difficult one since the company will need to invest in the creation and promotion of its brand. The overall success of the project and its effectiveness can be measured with the help of the assessment of the recognition of the brand by customers in the UK. The assessment of the recognition of the brand of the company can be conducted with the help of surveys conducted online or via phones.ConclusionsThus, Natural Kitchen has extensive opportunities to develop its business successfully. However, the company needs to enhance its brand image because the brand of the company is very important for its marketing success. The brand influences the perception of the company by customers and influences its competitive position. Natural Kitchen should use the branding agency’s services to reach the target customer group and create a strong and attractive brand that is recognised nationwide.

To Whome do we belong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

To Whome do we belong - Essay Example nts and tragedies forces an individual to change his true self and wipes away everything he believes in forcing him to acquire a new identity in an unimaginable way. The work of Victor E. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning, will be used as a reference for the purpose of this paper. Obi was an ordinary Nigerian man, of the Igbo tribe, who was brought up in the best of moral character within the conservative Nigerian cultural setting. His problems began when he undertook a scholarship to further his education in Britain. The Western culture in Britain did not hesitate to influence him to a multi-cultured person, obviously bringing in conflict. In Britain, it was alright to take bribes, to marry a person from any tribe or race and to have sexual relations with them even before marriage. Actually, it was alright to do a lot of things. End of four years of study in Britain and Obi is ready to return to home sweet home. The only problem is the people back home are still the same as he left them four years ago: the same culture, same mind set, same believes, same everything. They do not allow marriage to certain casts (Obi’s girlfriend was from a cast that was considered an outcast, Osu) leaving him with no choice but to perform an abortion for the girl who was carrying his child. Bribery was an abomination and unheard of especially from a son of the village whom the community had made a collection for him to take higher studies so as to come back and help the village people maneuver around the new white-dominated Nigeria. Within a few years, he had changed a lot, but he was the one who changed not the world and now he was back to reality: he has roots as a traditional Nigerian man and uprooting them was hard if not impossible. He had no choice but to adapt to his old ways of life. Within no time, Ibo finds himself a prisoner of his multiple identity in a conflict that would later tear down his whole life; career wise, socially and morally, eventually turning him

Intellectual Property Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Intellectual Property Rights - Essay Example (Drucker). Again, other eminent writers also speak about entrepreneurship, in terms of its wealth creation abilities. Through innovation, the business creates demand for its products or services, which meets customer or market acceptance and satisfaction. This market acceptance is translated into greater demand for goods, which in turn, over a period of time, results in profits for the entrepreneurs. Thus, as the noted economist, Joseph Schumpeter has said, "from a steady economy, a technical innovation by a single entrepreneur opens up new profitable avenues - therefore, more entrepreneurs are induced to innovate, thereby increasing the profits in the economy as a whole, thereby driving growth." (After Marx: Structural Change and Steady States). This process has to be strategically dealt with, since it has serious market ramifications and could affect market positioning of competitive products, and is of importance in the ultimate success or failure of the product. The legal aspects notwithstanding, it is imperative that innovation to market creates value addition to products/services and delivers aspects or improvements on contemporary products or services. This is important, since new product should justify their position in the market and should consider issues and provide solutions that may not have been addressed by other products. Nobel laureate in economics, Ronald Coase had said that the boundaries of the firm are defined by its transaction costs. It sometimes happens that abstruse information contributes to high track costs, which in turn, leads in many instances of vertically integration. (Davenport et al 2006). Question 2: What forms of protection are available for innovation through Intellectual Property Rights. The forms of protection that are available through intellectual property Rights is in terms of the fact that the patentee enjoys exclusive rights over the patented product(s) and nobody else could seek use of such products without the prior consent of the registered patentee for a period of 20 years. However, the discretion for granting of patent lies with the Patent Office, and it is quite likely that grant of the patent could be delayed , or refused, if the concerned department is of the considered opinion that it could be detrimental to competitive products or could be perceived to enhance monopolistic trends. Financial implications of Patent registry: It needs to be said that patent registration is a financially challenging one, especially in EU countries: (McGinness 2001, P.13). From the table above it is manifest that while the total costs (excluding renewals) are a whooping 49,900 in EU countries, it is just a modest 16,450 in

Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)

Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), a non-profit organization was founded in 1989. Its objectives include encouraging ethical and sustainable business practices and promoting investment policies which are environmentally, socially and financially sound. It has created a group of worlds largest companies and investors who are responsible to take care of the environmental issues. 100-plus companies and many Fortune 500 businesses like- General Motors, Polaroid, Body Shop International, Bank of America, are engaged with Ceres for supporting clean energy policies and maintaining a strong climate. Financial organizations and Environmental groups like Sierra Club are members with Ceres (Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), 2016).   Ceres aims at making companies understand the concerns of the planets future. Meeting the sustainable challenges of the 21st century is important along with running business. Ceres works on making the environment more sustainable and therefore it follows all the laws that comes under the Environmental Laws and Regulations of the U.S. government. Ceres rights: On the account of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill that happened in the Gulf of Alaska in March 1989, Ceres came up with its core Ten Principles. These principles aim to protect the earth, its energy and resources wisely; reduce waste and doing business in fair manner. The principles and its aspects are as follows: (The Ceres Principles , n.d.) Laws supported by Ceres- There are several issues addressed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Some of them include- limitation on air pollutants, enforcement of clean water and laws on safe drinking. EPA works for implementation of these federal laws so that the environment does not get affected by business practices. Ceres works along with EPA in implementation of the laws. The INCR Policy Working Group an initiative by Ceres focuses on five different areas of policy engagement: Its members collaborate with other investor groups, including the European IIGCC, the Australian/New Zealand IGCC, the Asian AIGCC, UN PRI and UNEP-FI, to support the Strong Climate and Clean Energy Policy among the investors worldwide. Its members also support the policies which promote clean and low carbon fuel sources, improving Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions which happen by transportation activities. INCR members also support research reports which show the investment case for such policies. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA has proposed an arrangement of noteworthy controls that will lessen air emissions, help the economy and make occupations. Financial specialists have signed letters and met with Congressional staff to guarantee implementation of the Utility Mercury and Air Toxics Standard, the Cross State Air Pollution Rule and the Carbon Pollution Standard for Future Power Plants. The Ceres Roadmap to Sustainability, organizations are relied upon to adjust publicly disclosed arrangement positions on atmosphere and energy issues with the approaches they advocate through their lobbying and political expenditures. Its members bolster a scope of approaches at the state and government level, for example, the Production Tax Credit for renewable vitality, the California AB32 climate and Clean Energy Program and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Ceres makes sure companies and investors follow the strong climate and Clean energy policies in the US and abroad. One of the CEOs of Ceres- Mindy S. Lubber joined U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1995. She joined it as a senior policy advisor and has achieved recognition as a regional administration under President Bill Clinton in 2000. She has also been a president at former National Environmental Law Center. Her efforts include- Organizing waste removal at hazardous waste sites Redevelopment, new jobs and urban revitalization Protection of drinking water supplies (2016 William K. Reilly Award Winners Announced, n.d.). Ceres along with WWF assembled a group of 100 large companies which supported the Paris Climate Agreement. It also supports the Clean Power Plant which was an initiative by Obama administration. Ceres strongly supports Clean Air Act(Business Is Taking Action on LGBT Rights. Will Climate Change Be Next?, n.d.). In the Six Proactive steps that Ceres has made for insurance companies, for addressing the climate change, it mentions about the Greenhouse gas emission, in favor of Federal and International Policies which limit its emissions. It addresses the threat of change in the climate because of carbon pollution (Insurance, n.d.). Laws opposed by Ceres- Ceres mostly works for sustaining the environment and limiting business practices for better future. It supports laws that relate to maintaining environment standards. Therefore, there arent many laws that are being opposed by Ceres. Rather there are a couple of them which are addressed as below. It opposed the Presidents and Congressional Leaders abandoning of Methane rule and the Clean Power Plant. Ceres believes that these laws were made to support the environment. There are many companies that has made an agreement in support of the law. And so, Ceres does not want such laws to get abandoned. It also shows its disagreement with the Presidents two-for-one executive order which requires deletion of two federal regulations against any one issued. Ceres impact on business- Ceres major goal lies in influencing business and its practices which affect environment. It has made many huge contributions which has helped business to follow the standards and become effective in their practices. The contributions by Ceres which impacted companies include- Investor Network on Climate Risk (INCR), 2003- works on leadership and accomplishments on climate and sustainability of financial firms. Launched the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for corporate reporting on environment, social and economic performances Launched the Climate Declaration Launched Business for Innovative Climate and Energy Policy (BICEP) Ceres made an evaluation of its member companies and found that most of them have adopted policies based on International norms and fewer companies have adopted sector-specific policies. In the evaluation, most frequent instituted policies include those related to bribery and corruption and elimination of discrimination along with overall sustainability of environment. Companies which adopted the international standards like International Labor Organization(ILO) and United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), show understanding of sustainability issues and are committed in implementing changes in their business (Corporate Policies and Management Systems, n.d.). Ceres influence on legislative process- Ceres resolved an issue on United Parcel Service (UPS)s Lobbying Disclosure. It laid down points which the BOD of UPS requires to disclose in their report. Indirect lobbying and Grassroots lobbying communication are the points covered under the solution. These points include efforts at the local, state and federal levels. Along with this, we already saw that Ceres has laid down its core 10 principles which are in favor of environmental protection. Business and stakeholders adhere to these aspects and make sure that they are abiding by the rules related to these policies. It tracks shareholders resolutions and considers the following issues: Climate change Carbon asset risk Greenhouse gas emission Water pollution and scarcity Public policy Air pollution methane emission Proxy voting policies Human rights The shareholders make such resolutions. This ensures that they make proper implementation of the laws. On studying the resolutions, the legislatures can make laws that depend upon the environmental standards. Ceres 3-year plan- Ceres has presented a Road map on Sustainability which covers Governance for sustainability, Stakeholder Engagement, Disclosure, Performance: Operation, Supply Chain, Transportation and Logistics, Product and Services, Employees. The Roadmap expectation on corporate policies and management systems measures the extent to which companies embed sustainability into decision-making. Encourage organizations to receive a more expansive way to deal with recognizing and speaking with stakeholders, including engagement on a more extensive topic. The disclosure segment layout the attributes of a way to deal with revelation that meets the new and rising difficulties on corporate sustainability. The operation segment enhances sustainability across their operations, including building and facilities management, water management, the elimination of waste and respect for human rights. Sustainable supply chain performance expects establishing supplier policies and endorsing industry codes or practices containing explicit references to social and environmental standards. Transportation and logistics include reducing transportation impacts which are focused on the architecture of the transportation network, including distances traveled; and specific transportation modes, including the sustainability credentials of the energy sources used. This section also looks at business travel and commuting practices and the role that companies can take in shaping employee behavior. Sustainable solutions for products and services should be that they are marketed and delivered in a sustainable way. Proper communication of the usage and consumption pattern. Improved recruitment and retention rates, employee morale and productivity, and lower healthcare costs should be crucial for companys employees in order for sustainable performance (The Ceres Roadmap for Sustainability Ceres, n.d.). Ceres aims at transferring the way corporations integrate environmental and social risks into their decision-making. By 2020 Ceres wants major companies which re its members to attain these standards. The areas in which more companies should come forward include Product and Services and Supply Chain. Ceres looks forward in making greater attempts at helping companies in achieving the goals of sustainable environmental business practices. Mind-Map: Ceres an organization works majorly in line with the International Laws on Environmental protection. It supports U.S. laws as well about certain policies. Ceres helps implementation of the following laws of Unites States Federal Environmental Statutes- Clean air act Clean water act Emergency planning and community right to know act Energy policy act National environmental policy act Resources conservation and recovery act References (n.d.). Retrieved from 2016 William K. Reilly Award Winners Announced: http://www.american.edu/spa/cep/news/2016_Reilly_Award_Winners.cfm Business Is Taking Action on LGBT Rights. Will Climate Change Be Next? (n.d.). Retrieved from Business Is Taking Action on LGBT Rights. Will Climate Change Be Next? Ceres: https://www.ceres.org/press/press-clips/business-is-taking-action-on-lgbt-rights.-will-climate-change-be-next Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES). (2016, november 24). Retrieved from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Coalition-for-Environmentally-Responsible-Economies Corporate Policies and Management Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from Corporate Policies and Management Systems Ceres: https://www.ceres.org/roadmap-assessment/about/roadmap-expectations/governance-for-sustainability/policies-and-management-systems Insurance. (n.d.). Retrieved from Insurance-Ceres: https://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/insurance The Ceres Principles . (n.d.). Retrieved from The Ceres Principles- Ceres: https://www.ceres.org/about-us/our-history/ceres-principles The Ceres Roadmap for Sustainability Ceres. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Ceres Roadmap for Sustainability Ceres: https://www.ceres.org/roadmap-assessment

Naxal Movement

SEPTEMBER 2008 IPCS Research Papers Naxal Movement in India: A Profile Rajat Kujur Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies 1 New Delhi, INDIA  © 2008, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies is not responsible for the facts, views or opinion expressed by the author. The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), established in August 1996, is an independent think tank devoted to research on peace and security from a South Asian perspective.Its aim is to develop a comprehensive and alternative framework for peace and security in the region catering to the changing demands of national, regional and global security. Address: B 7/3 Lower Ground Floor Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110029 INDIA Tel: 91-11-4100 1900, 4165 2556, 4165 2557, 4165 2558, 4165 2559 Fax: (91-11) 4165 2560 Email: [email  protected] org Web: www. ipcs. org CONTENTS Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A Short History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 People’s War Group (PWG)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) & Communist Party of India (Maoist) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 About the Author †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Recent IPCS Publications †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Executive Summary In order to understand the current phase of Naxalism, we need to understand different aspects of organizational transformation that have occurred within the Naxal movement, since the genesis and current phase of the movement is a reflection of continuity and change. To understand its continuity over the decade, one has to understand its dynamics of change, just as to understand the changing nature of the Naxal movement, o ne has to understand the factors responsible for its continuity.And this reestablishes the dynamic character of the movement. The characteristic feature of the Naxal movement is its disorganized character which led to some interesting formulations, quite uncommon in the history of Movement Organizations (MO)1. The fragmented character of the movement gave rise to a plethora of possible trends and groupings and thereby, paved the way for new avenues of organizational conflict. Due to its fragmented character, the movement Historically socio-political movements whether extremist, revolutionary or peaceful, operate through organizations which are known as Movement Organizations.The movement organizations are mostly characterized as loosely structured, decentralized and prone to political challenges and counter cultural practices. 1 witnessed the comeback of many past leaders and cadres from oblivion. This aspect of Naxal organizational politics is important to understand, as it enabled the reemergence of a whole range of questions that were assumed to have been resolved once and for all. A Short History To understand the genesis of the Naxal movement, one needs to locate it within the framework of the Communist movement in India.To be more specific, any study on the Naxal movement cannot overlook the importance of the rise and fall of the Telangana Movement (1946-51), since Telangana will always remain the glorious chapter in the history of peasant struggles for Indian communists. In fact, it was the first serious effort by sections of the communist party leadership to learn from the experiences of the Chinese revolution and to develop a comprehensive line for India’s democratic revolution. On the other hand, the experience in Telangana also facilitated the growth of three distinct lines within the Indian communist movement.The line promoted by Ranadive and his followers, rejected the significance of the Chinese revolution, and advocated the simultaneous a ccomplishment of the democratic and the socialist revolutions, based on city-based working-class insurrections. The group drew inspiration from Stalin and fiercely attacked Mao as another Tito. The second line mainly professed and propagated by the Andhra Secretariat, drew heavily on the Chinese experiences and the teachings of Mao, in building up the struggle of Telangana.The Andhra leadership, while successfully managing to spearhead the movement against the Nizam, failed to tackle the complex question of meeting the challenge of the Government of India. The Nehru government embarked on the road to parliamentary democracy, conditioning it with reforms like the ‘abolition of the Zamindari system’. All these objective conditions facilitated the dominance of a centrist line, put forward by Ajay Ghosh and Dange. This line characteristically pointed out the differences between Chinese 2 and Indian conditions and pushed the party along the road to parliamentary democracy.In 1957, the Communists succeeded in forming a government in Kerala, which however, was soon overthrown. Additionally, following the India-China war, the party split into two during 1964 – Communist Party of India (CPI) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI [M]). While the CPI preached the theory of ‘peaceful road to non-capitalist development’, the CPI (M) adopted the centrist line. Though there were serious differences on ideological and tactical grounds, both the parties went ahead with their parliamentary exercises and formed the United Front government in West Bengal.In the backdrop of such organizational upheavals within the Indian Communist movement, an incident in a remote area transformed the history of left-wing extremism in India. In a remote village called Naxalbari in West Bengal, a tribal youth named Bimal Kissan, having obtained a judicial order, went to plough his land on 2 March 1967. The local landlords attacked him with the help of their go ons. Tribal people of the area retaliated and started forcefully recapturing their lands.What followed was a rebellion, which left one police sub inspector and nine tribals dead. Within a short span of about two months, this incident acquired great visibility and tremendous support from cross sections of Communist revolutionaries belonging to the state units of the CPI (M) in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Though the United Front Government of West Bengal, headed by the CPI (M) was able to contain the rebellion within 72 days sing all repressive measures possible, these units had a formal meeting in November 1967, as a result of which the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR) was formed in May 1968. ‘Allegiance to the armed struggle and non-participation in the elections’ were the two cardinal principles that the AICCR adopted for its operations. However, differences c ropped up over how an armed struggle should be advanced and this led to the exclusion of a section of activists from Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, led respectively by T. Nagi Reddy and Kanhai Chatterjee.On the question of the ‘annihilation of the class enemy’, the Kanhai Chatterjee group had serious objections, as they were of the view that the annihilation of the class enemy should only be undertaken after building up mass agitations. However, a majority in the AICCCR rejected this and the AICCCR went ahead with the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) in May 1969. This led Chatterjee to join the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The CPI (M-L) held its first congress in 1970 in Kolkata and Charu Mazumdar was formally elected its general secretary.Since then, both the CPI (M-L) and the MCC continued with their respective forms of armed struggle for the next couple of years. During this period, Charu Majumdar became the undisputed Naxalite guru and with the organizational skills of Kanu Sanyal and Jaghal Santhal, the movement spread to different corners of the country. The country witnessed the euphoria of a Maoist revolution. However, it was far more shortlived than expected. What was generally perceived by Indian as well as Chinese Communist revolutionaries as the final enactment of the revolution, in reality, proved to be no more than a dress rehearsal.As hundreds of CPI (ML) cadres lost their lives, and thousands were put behind bars, the movement witnessed confusion, splits and disintegration. Charu Majumdar’s larger-than-life image also had its negative impact, for after his death in 1972, the central leadership of CPI (ML) virtually collapsed. The history of the Naxal movement postCharu Mazumdar, is characterized by a number of splits, brought about by personalized and narrow perceptions about the Maoist revolutionary line and attempts at course-correction by some of the major groups. Even Kanu Sanyal, one of the founders of the movement, could not escape this.He gave up the path of â€Å"dedicated armed struggle† by 1977 and accepted parliamentary practice as a form of revolutionary activity. It was during 1974 that an influential group of the CPI (ML), led by Jauhar (Subrata Dutt), Nagbhushan Pattnaik and Vinod Mishra, launched a major initiative, which they termed ‘course-correction’. This group renamed itself the CPI (M-L) Liberation in 1974, and in 1976, during the Emergency, adopted a new line that called for the continuation of armed guerilla struggles along with efforts to form a broad antiCongress democratic front, consisting even non-communist parties.The group also suggested that pure military armed struggle should be limited and there should be greater emphasis on mass peasant struggles, in an attempt to provide an Indianized version of Marxism-Leninism- Maoism. However, during the next three years, the movement suffered further splits with leaders, such as K ondapalli Seetharamaiah (Andhra Pradesh) and N. Prasad (Bihar) dissociating themselves from the activities of the party. This led to Prasad forming the CPI (M-L) (Unity Organization) and Seetharamaiah started the People's War Group (PWG) in 1980.While Seetharamaiah's line sought to restrict the ‘annihilation of class enemies’, the PWG's emphasis was on building mass organizations, not developing a broad democratic front. 3 Since then, the principal division within the Naxalite movement has been between the two lines of thought and action, as advanced by the CPI (ML) Liberation and the PWG. While Liberation branded PWG a group of â€Å"left adventurists†, the PWG castigated the Liberation group as one of the â€Å"revisionists† imitating the CPI (M).On the other hand, the growth of MCC as a major armed group in the same areas, created the scope for multifarious organizational conflicts among the Naxal groups. Liberation took a theoretical stand of correctin g the past mistake of ‘completely rejecting parliamentary politics’. On the other hand, PWG and MCC completely rejected the parliamentary democratic system of governance and vowed to wage ‘people’s war for people’s government’. In the process, while the Liberation group registered its first electoral victory in Bihar in 1989; Naxalite factions such as the CPI (M-L) New Democracy, the CPI (ML) S.R. Bhajjee Group and the CPI (M-L) Unity Initiative, emerged in the state. The following years witnessed certain distinct phenomena in the history of the Naxal movement. First, the intraorganizational conflict and rivalry among different groups touched several high points, resulting in the loss of a considerable number of cadres of rival groups. Secondly, despite the large-scale inner conflicts, there were always ongoing efforts at various levels to strive for unity.Thirdly, 1990 onwards, the affected state registered a considerable increase in the numb er of violent incidents and at the same time, a considerable change in the policy approach of the government was also witnessed. While the Naxal movement has mostly been characterized by fragmented groups and innumerable splits; successive governments at the national and state levels were never able to follow a uniform approach to deal with the problem of Naxalism, thus, leading to a marked impact in the growth of the Naxal movement. There are three broad currents of the Naxal movement.For reasons which will become obvious from the following discussion, this paper will examine the Communist Party of India (ML) Liberation, Peoples War Group (PWG), Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and the Communist Party of India (Maoist). It will examine the circumstances in which these groups were formed, their ideological bases and programmes, and the similarities and dissimilarities between them. The paper, in particular, will look into different aspects of organizational politics in relation to thes e Maoist organizations and try to locate their impact on the course of the contemporary Naxal movement.The following are the main issues on which there appear to be considerable differences among the Naxal groups and which are primary causes of conflict between them. †¢ The analysis of the first phase (196771) of the Naxalite movement and the line of annihilation that was followed The position that armed struggle is the principal form of struggle and the armed guerilla squad, the primary unit of struggle Since the principal form of struggle is rmed struggle, the entire activity of the agrarian struggle should be underground Whether the contradiction between feudalism and the Indian masses is the principal contradiction in Indian society or whether India has emerged as a capitalist state and hence, the contradiction between capitalism and general public is the principal contradiction Whether it would be prudent to form a united front with various forces and movements like the da lit, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4 farmers’, ethnic and regional, and ecological movements etc. However, these are not the only issues; several other issues pertaining to groundlevel reality and control of territory are crucially linked to the functioning of Naxalite organizations. Prakash Louis, People Power: The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar (New Delhi: Wordsmiths, 2002) p. 277. 2 5 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation Historically, the origin of CPI (ML) Liberation dates back to 1974. However, the post-emergency phase of 1977, when most leaders of the Communist movement were released from jail was the time when the activities of Liberation first came to notice.The Party Central Committee (PCC), in a move to unite the splinter groups which owed their origin to CPI (ML), called a meeting during 30 January-2 February 1981. However, the meet did not deliver expected results. â€Å"From this point onwards whereas the PCC group goes on to become irrel evant and splits up into various factions, the M-L movement begins to polarize between the Marxist-Leninist line of CPI (ML) (Liberation) and the anarchist line of CPI (ML) (People's War). †3 During 1982, the Indian People's Front (IPF) was launched in New Delhi at a national conference.In due course, IPF became the party's open political platform, actively intervening in national politics. Same year, the Third Party Congress took place at Giridih, Bihar, where the issue of participation in elections was finalized. This shift in the outlook of CPI (ML) Liberation proved to be vital in designing the subsequent course of activity of the Naxal movement. The Liberation group, according to Bhatia, â€Å"considers itself the true inheritor of the CPI (ML) legacy, its political line has changed dramatically from that of the original CPI (ML). 4 With this strategic shift in functioning, the CPI (ML) Liberation recorded its first electoral victory under the banner of the IPF in 1989 a nd Ara (one Lok Sabha Constituency in Central Bihar) sent the first â€Å"Naxalite† member to Parliament. 5 In a special conference convened in July 1990, the party decided to resume open functioning. This decision was formalized at its fifth Congress in December 1992. In 1994, the Indian People’s Front was disbanded.The Election Commission recognized the party in 1995, and since then the CPI (ML) has been contesting successive elections at national and state levels. The CPI (ML) Liberation, though functioning over ground within the parliamentary democratic setup, has not completely disbanded the path of armed rebellion. â€Å"The Party does not rule out the possibility that under a set of exceptional national and international circumstances, the balance of social and political forces may even permit a relatively peaceful transfer of central power to revolutionary forces.But in a country where democratic institutions are based on essentially fragile and narrow foundat ions and where even small victories and partial reforms can only be achieved and maintained on the strength of mass militancy, the party of the proletariat must prepare itself for winning the ultimate decisive victory in an armed revolution. A people's democratic front and a people's army, therefore, remain the two most fundamental weapons of revolution in the arsenal of the Party. †6 This again points to the dilemmas within the ultra left movement, which is very often reflected, in the unpredictable character of the Naxal movement.Thirty Years of Naxalbari, an un-dated publication of CPI (ML) Liberation. Bela Bhatia, Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar, Economic and Political Weekly, April 9 2005. 4 3 5 6 History of Naxalism, Hindustantimes. com A Party document of CPI (ML) Liberation titled The General Programme. 6 . People’s War Group (PWG) PWG is the most important among all the splinter groups representing the Naxal movement because the dominant line within the Naxa l politics today, is the PWG line of thought. Though it is popularly known as PWG or PW, its official nomenclature is Communist Party of India––MarxistLeninist (People’s War).If today, Naxalism is considered as the greatest internal security problem and Naxals claim to be running parallel government in different parts of the country, its credit mostly goes to the PWG. â€Å"The CPI (ML) (People’s War) was formed on Lenin’s birth anniversary on April 22, 1980. †7 Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, one of the most influential Naxalite leaders from Andhra Pradesh and a member of the erstwhile Central Organizing Committee of the Communist Party of India––MarxistLeninist (CPI-ML), is the founding father of the PWG; who later, was ironically expelled from the group. The programme of our Party has declared that India is a vast ‘semi-colonial and semifeudal country’, with about 80 per cent of our population residing in our villages . It is ruled by the big-bourgeois big landlord classes, subservient to imperialism. The contradiction between the alliance of imperialism, feudalism and compradorbureaucrat- capitalism on the one hand and the broad masses of the people on the other is the principal contradiction in our country. Only a successful People’s Democratic Revolution i. e.New Democratic Revolution and the establishment of People’s Democratic Dictatorship of the workers, peasants, the middle classes and national bourgeoisie under the leadership of the working class can lead to the liberation of 30 years of Naxalbari, An undated Maoist literature, Vanguard Publication, p. 30. Vanguard was the organ of PWG. 7 our people from all exploitation and the dictatorship of the reactionary ruling classes and pave the way for building Socialism and Communism in our country, the ultimate aim of our Party.People’s War based on Armed Agrarian Revolution is the only path for achieving people’s d emocracy i. e. new democracy, in our country. †8 Rejecting the parliamentary democratic system of the country and branding individual annihilation as individual terrorism, PWG declared that people’s war was the only path to bringing about a people’s government in the country. From the above quote from an important PWG party document, it is clear that there were organizational, strategic and tactical conflicts going on within the CPI (ML), which paved the way for the split and creation of a more radical party.Broadly speaking, the party programmes of CPI (ML) Liberation were mostly focused on the cause of peasants, while the group led by K. Seetharamaih wanted the party to be a platform for peasants, workers, tribal and other weaker sections of society. It was the prime agenda of Liberation to build up a political front focusing on peasant struggles, whereas PWG was more interested in the formation of mass organizations instead of any democratic front. One of the renowned guerrilla leaders of the erstwhile PWG summarizes the essence of the conflict between CPI (ML) Liberation and CPI (ML) People’s War. In the Liberation group, which at one time was one of the strong groups defending Charu Mazumdar’s revolutionary line, after the martyrdom of ‘Path of People’s War in India – Our Tasks! ’, a comprehensive PWG party document highlighting its aims, objectives and strategies. The document was adopted by All-India Party Congress, 1992. We obtained this document from one of the principal ideologue of the PWG. 8 Com. Johar, with the leadership falling into the hands of Vinod Mishra, they began betraying the Indian revolution.As part of a conspiratorial plan, a once revolutionary party was gradually changed into a revisionist party, like the CPI and CPM. The armed resistance struggles against the state’s attacks, taking place under the then leadership of Liberation, was ended. The armed struggle to crus h the feudal private armies was made a secondary task. In this way, they diverted the entire group away from the basic path outlined by the unified CPI (ML), and particularly of its founder, Com.CM — that of protracted people’s war — into becoming agents of the ruling classes, by surrendering them to the parliamentary path. They converted the Com. Johar-led Liberation, from being a revolutionary movement, into a legalist, reformist and parliamentary movement; and changed the underground organization into an open opportunist and revisionist organization. †9 The above two official statements of the PWG clearly suggest that the birth of PWG which resulted from a split within the CPI (ML-Liberation) was on account of the dynamics of conflict among a host of its cadres.For a considerable period after its birth, PWG’s activities were chiefly limited to Andhra Pradesh, while the CPI (ML) Liberation continued to hold its turf in Bihar. It was during this pe riod that another organization came into existence on 1 January 1982. It was named the Communist party of India (ML) Party Unity, which came into existence due to a merger between CPI (ML) Unity Organizations and Central organizing Committee CPI (ML). Hereafter, left-wing extremism in India witnessed some of the worst-ever conflicts which again forced many organizations to take a position and adopt new tactics.Bihar has always remained a strong battleground of Naxal Sharvan, the then Secretary Bihar State Committee of CPI (ML) Peoples War, in an interview given to People’s March, Volume 2, No. 3, March 2001. 9 operations and ironically, in Bihar, most of the clashes were between CPI (ML) Party Unity and CPI (ML) Liberation. When these conflicts were taking a toll on the cadres on both sides, another development was simultaneously taking place. In August 1998, Party Unity merged with CPI (ML) People’s War Group and the group came to be known as People’s War. â₠¬Å"The merger of the two arties is the culmination of the unity process which began in March '93 and continued for over five years during which differences on several political, ideological and organizational questions were resolved through thread-bare discussion. †10 The statement continues, â€Å"The emergence of the united Party — the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) [People's War] -does not mark the completion of the process of unification of the genuine communist revolutionary forces in India. The newly Unified Party will continue its efforts in right earnest to achieve this unification.We also call upon the other genuine revolutionary elements in the various M-L parties in India who are being led astray by both right and left opportunist leadership, to fight against these deviations and rally under the banner of the United Party. The United Party pledges itself to avenge the death of thousands of martyrs who fell in the course of the ongoing democratic revolution in India paved with blood by these martyrs until their cherished goals are accomplished. This is the era of Revolutions. 11 With this merger, the PWG became a force to reckon with in Bihar and in other areas where PU had a presence. Further developments suggest that with the merger, the element of armed rebellion of the Naxal movement became stronger, while on the 10 People’s War literature titled ‘Joint Declaration by Communist Party of India (ML) People’s War and CPI (ML) (Party Unity)’, August 1998. Ibid. 11 8 other hand, with its parliamentary practices, Liberation was loosing its turf to PWG. Liberation, which once controlled the whole of central Bihar, was now loosing its territory and supporters to PWG and MCC.Not only in Bihar, but also elsewhere, Liberation was systematically shrinking on the map of Naxalite politics. By advocating electoral methods and not being able to make an impressive mark, the Liberation’s way of movement became weak and the PWG’s armed operations started gaining momentum. So while the Liberation, with its changed modus operandi was being reduced to a small political party, the PWG in the same period, managed to register its presence outside Andhra Pradesh and gradually gained strongholds in different areas of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Maharashtra.While the conflict between PU and Liberation made both groups suffer the loss of considerable numbers of their cadres; as already stated, it also resulted in the merger of PU and PWG and ultimately the violent consolidation of the movement. The formation of People’s War also resulted in tactical changes in several aspects of the Naxal movement in general. ‘In our agenda for a new democratic revolution, there are two aspects — the agrarian revolution and fight for nationality. ’12 This statement shows the amount of organizational change witnessed by the Naxal movement in all those years.In 1967 it started in the name of ‘agrarian revolution’, which gradually took the stance of replacing the parliamentary form of government; but the question of nationality was never raised. This reflects the pattern of conflict between PW and Liberation. By questioning ‘nationality’, PW wanted to make it clear that it wanted a broad revolutionary pattern and while ‘land 12 to tillers’ could be a programme, it could not become the sole agenda of the revolution. Between 15-30 November 1995, the PW conducted an All India Special Conference in some unknown locality of Dandakaranya.There, it adopted two important party documents. The ‘Party Programme’ as adopted in the Conference reads, â€Å"India is a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society; here the New Democratic Revolution (NDR) has to be completed victoriously paving way to the Socialist Revolution and to advance towards the ultimate goal of Communism. The Indian people ar e weighed down by three big mountains: feudalism, imperialism and comprador bureaucrat capital; these are the targets to be overthrown in the present stage of NDR.The four major contradictions in the present-day Indian society are: the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses; the contradiction between imperialism and the Indian people; the contradiction between capital and labour and the contradiction within the ruling classes. While the first two are fundamental contradictions to be resolved through the NDR, the contradiction between feudalism and the broad masses is the principal contradiction at the present stage. India is a multi-national country–a prison-house of nationalities and all the nationalities have the right to self-determination including secession.When NDR is victoriously completed, India will become a voluntary and genuine federation of all national people's republics. †13 The second document, which was adopted in the conference, was the do cument on the ‘Strategy and Tactics'. It reads, â€Å"The political 13 Interview of Muppalla Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathy, the then head of the Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist People's War. http://www. rediff. com/news/1998/oct/07gana. htm This report on the Special conference was posted in a website (www. cpimlpwg/repression. html) which claimed itself as the unofficial website of PW.The website has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was no less then their official website. 9 strategy to be pursued in the present stage of NDR in India is one of forming a broad united front of all the anti-feudal, antiimperialist forces–the working class, the peasantry, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie–under the leadership of the working class to overthrow the common enemies–feudalism, imperialism and comprador bureau cratic capital.The military strategy or the path of Indian Revolution is the path of protracted people's war i. e. , liberating the countryside first through area wise seizure of power establishing guerilla zones and base areas and then encircling the cities and finally capturing power throughout the country. The unevenness in the economic, social and political development of Indian society calls for different tactics i. e. , forms of struggle and organization, to be pursued in different regions of the country, while the political tactic line throughout the country remains the same.In urban areas the political and mass work should be carried out observing utmost precaution and the organizational work should proceed keeping in view the long-range perspective. Caste is a peculiar problem in India; and appropriate forms of organization and struggle should be evolved vigorously to fight out untouchability, caste discrimination and to finally root out the caste system. The tactics of boy cott of elections have to be pursued for a long time in the prevailing conditions in India; and participating in parliamentary and assembly elections under any pretext only weakens the class struggle. 14 These two documents, containing different organizational aspects of PW, make a clearcut demarcation for the issues pertaining to organizational conflict between the Liberation and PW. The People’s War, on the basis of its assessment of the people’s level of preparedness for an armed struggle, discarded ‘annihilation of class enemies’ as the only form of struggle and stressed instead, on floating mass organizations. It established several front organizations. 14During the 1980s, the Radical Students’ Union and Rayatu Kuli Sangham emerged as organizations with an impressive mass following and most of the PWG’s present base and political cadres developed through that practice. However, during the 1990s, the growth of militarization became the ch aracteristic feature of the PWG. The formation of People’s Guerrilla Army (PGA), special guerrilla squads, Permanent Action Team (PAT) and Special Action Team (SAT) were the distinctive features of PWG activities for quite some time, before it merged with MCC to form the CPI (Maoist). 5 15 In response to a government decision to launch coordinated action against the Naxalites by police forces of the various Indian States affected by Naxal violence, the PWG formed the PGA, its military wing in December 2000 by reorganizing its guerrilla force. The PGA functions under a single operational command, the Central Military Commission. In the Indian State where the PGA has a presence, there is a State Military Commission and in special guerrilla zones there is a Zonal Military Commission.A Regional Military Commission supervises a group of State Military Commissions or Zonal Military Commission Each Regional Military Commission reports to the Central Military Commission. All armed ca dre of the PWG are organized under the PGA. Ref: â€Å"People's Guerrilla Army†, http://www. satp. org/satporgtp/countries/india/terror istoutfits/peoples_guerrilla_arms_left_wing_extre mists. htm Ibid. 10 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) & Communist Party of India (Maoist) The next important group within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement is the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC).It stands apart from a number of organizations, since, conventionally speaking, it was never a part of the CPI (ML), which many claim as the mother of all Naxal organizations. â€Å"The MCC, while supporting the Naxalbari struggle, did not join the CPI (ML) because of some tactical differences and on the question of Party formation. †16 The MCC was formed on 20 October 1969, around the same time that the CPI (ML) was formed, although during those days it was known as Dakshin Desh. It was in 1975 that the group renamed itself the Maoist Communist Centre.In 2003, MCC merged with the Revolutionary Communist Centre of India-Maoists (RCCI-M) to form the Maoist Communist Centre-India (MCC-I). Right from its inception, the MCC stood for taking up armed struggle as the main form of resistance and waging a protracted people's war as the central task of the party. This position of the MCC has been repeatedly expressed and emphasized in a multitude of Maoist literature. â€Å"This armed revolutionary war is the war of the armed people themselves; it is ‘Protracted People's War' as shown by Mao Tse Tung.The concrete economic and political condition of India leads to the very conclusion that the path shown by the great leader and teacher, Mao Tse Tung, the path of the Chinese Revolution, that is, and to establish a powerful people's army and people's militia and to establish dependable, strong and self-sufficient base areas in the countryside, to constantly consolidate and expand the people's army and the base areas, gradually to encircle the urban areas from the countryside by liberating the countryside, finally to capture the cities and 16 o establish the state system and political authority of the people themselves by decisively destroying the state power of the reactionaries — this very path of the protracted People's War is the only path of liberation of the people of India, the path of victory of the new democratic revolution. â€Å"17 Communist Party of India (Maoist) The Naxal movement in India entered yet another phase of organizational transformation with the merger of two of the principal armed organizations, viz.People’s War (PW) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC-I), which resulted in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). â€Å"The formation of the unified Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a new milestone in the history of the revolutionary communist movement of India. A unified Maoist party based on Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is a long delayed and highly cherished need of the revolutionary minded and oppressed people of the country, including all our ranks, and also all the Maoist forces of South Asia and internationally.Now, this long-aspired desire and dream has been transformed into a reality. †18 This statement, made by the first Secretary of CPI (Maoist) Ganapathy, assumes a great deal of importance as it 17 Red Star, Special Issue, p. 20. Red Star is the English language organ of the MCC, as quoted by Aloke Banerjee in a pamphlet titled â€Å"Inside MCC Country†, dated June 2003. Red Star was the English language organ of the MCC. Also quoted in ‘MCC India Three Decades Leading Battalions of the Poor’, http://www. awtw. org/back_issues/mcc_india. htm.Though it denies but many treat this as the unofficial organ of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM. ) Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). People’s March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 18 30 years of Naxalbari, p . 36. 11 reflects the organizational politics that was going on all these years between these two organizations representing the Naxal movement. The improvised aim of the CPI (Maoist) as announced on the occasion of its formation is to establish a compact revolutionary zone, stretching from Nepal to Bihar to Andhra Pradesh and beyond.While continuing their pursuit of a people’s democracy; the ultimate aim of the CPI (Maoist) is to seize power through protracted armed struggle. The press statement, issued on the event of announcing the merger, stated, â€Å"The immediate aim and programme of the Maoist party is to carry on and complete the already ongoing and advancing New Democratic Revolution in India as a part of the world proletarian revolution by overthrowing the semi-colonial, semi-feudal system under the neo-colonial form of indirect rule, exploitation and control.This revolution will remain directed against imperialism, feudalism and comprador bureaucratic capitalism. This revolution will be carried out and completed through armed agrarian revolutionary war, i. e. protracted people's war with the armed seizure of power remaining as its central and principal task, encircling the cities from the countryside and thereby finally capturing them. Hence, the countryside as well as the PPW (Protracted People's War) will remain as the ‘center of gravity' of the party's work, while urban work will be complimentary to it. 19 According to the same press release, the CPI-Maoists â€Å"will still seek to unite all genuine Maoist groups that remain outside this unified party. â€Å"20 It is important to examine the significance of the merger, particularly when earlier attempts had been unsuccessful. In fact, the merger is largely being seen as a result of the gradual convergence of views of these two groups on areas such as the role of the party, approaches to revolution and adoption of strategies and tactics. In the formative years, Charu Mazumdar and Kanhai Chatterjee represented two irreconcilably different lines and approaches to ‘revolution’.At the time of the formation of the Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) CPI-ML in 1969, the Dakshin Desh (the earlier form of the MCC), remained opposed to the process due to sharp differences with the CPI-ML over issues such as the formation of a communist party, existence of revolutionary mass struggle and preparedness of the people to participate in it. The joint press statement released by the erstwhile General Secretaries of PW and MCC (I) highlighted the essence of the merger. â€Å"In the past history there were many splits within the M-L movement.But splits are only one side of the coin; the brighter side was that there were continuous efforts to unify the revolutionaries. The CPI (ML) (PU), though it had its origins in Bengal, it spread and strengthened by unifying several revolutionary groups. The CPI (ML) (PW), though it originated in Andhra Pradesh and Ta mil Nadu, it unified with revolutionaries in almost all the states where it was working. The MCC too, had originated in Bengal, unified many revolutionaries groups in it in many States and became the MCCI. 21 This statement underlines the continuous process of organizational politics within the broad spectrum of the Naxal movement, which resulted from organizational conflict. Looking back, the need for a joint, unified platform was felt by the leadership of both 21 19 â€Å"Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India† available at â€Å"Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary Organizations in India† available at 20 Ganapathy, in an Interview given on the on the occasion of the formation of CPI (Maoist). People’s March, Vol. 5, No. 11-12, NovemberDecember 2004. 12 he parties as early as 1981. â€Å"The PW and MCC began unity talks from their very first meeting in 1981. However, the reason for the delay in the process was the lack of continuity of leadership. The arrest of Comrade Kondapally Seetaramaiah (KS), the leader of the PW, and later the internal crisis of the PW and split in the Central Committee (CC) delayed the unity process for several years. In the early eighties, the MCC lost its two top leaders Comrades Amulya Sen (AS) and Kanhai Chatterjee (KC), which had some negative impact, resulting in further delay in the unity process. 22 However, this is not to suggest that the formation of the CPI (Maoist) was the final stage of the Naxal movement. As one official Maoist document puts it, â€Å"Revolutions never proceed in a straight line. The history of all successful revolutions shows this. The path is zig zag, there are ups and downs, there is victory and defeat repeated a number of times†¦.. before final victory. Of course, there is no final victory until the stage of communism is reached. 23 The above-mentioned analysis makes the forceful plea that since the Naxal movement is essentially a political problem, it needs to be examined from the perspective of organizational politics. From the above discussion we can derive the following conclusions. First, the history of the Naxal movement is the history of a continuous process of organizational conflicts, splits, and mergers. Second, the movement essentially represents simultaneous, though not necessarily peaceful coexistence of many streams; and looking from this angle, the movement can be said to have its presence in all parts of 22 23 he country. Third, the growth of the Naxal movement is closely linked with the ongoing process of organizational conflict. This is because the ultimate political objective behind all organizational exercise, as reflected by the statements of various senior Naxalite leaders, is to build a leftist alternative and mobilize people against increased ‘imperialist intervention’ and ‘proimperialist policies’ pursued by the union government, in support of ‘revolutionary war’ based on the Chinese leader, Mao’s theory of organized peasant insurrection.Similarly, the history of the naxal movement, right from its first phase of 1967, demonstrates that even if there has been a continuous evolution in terms of their understanding of the Indian situation, the focus of the movement, its character, and the fighting capabilities and financial resources of these groups; they have remained more or less consistent as far as their core ideology is concerned. Barring the Liberation, they all reject the parliamentary system of governance and want to bring about a fundamental change in the nature of the Indian state.For this, they have adopted the strategy of protracted armed struggle, which entails building bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones and then liberated zones, besides area-wise seizures and encirclement of cities and finally, the seizure of political power and achievement of nation-wise victory. Fourth, the history of the movement so far, has been the history of conflicts and splits. However, one cannot deny that its history is also one of mergers. 4 Ibid. State Repression, this is the title of the document which was posted at www. cpimlpwg/repression. html. The website now has been withdrawn. During its existence the site claimed it to be the unofficial website of PWG. But during my interaction with many PW rank and file I found that it was the official website. 24 For more information on integrated checkposts, see the website of the Ministry of Home Affairs (http://mha. gov. in/BM_Div/BM_IntCheck(E). pdf). 13 .About the Author Dr. Rajat Kumar Kujur teaches Political Science at the Gangadhar Meher Junior College, Sambalpur, Orissa. He can be reached at [email  protected] com. 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